History Chapter 2 Genesis Mitchell by Genesis A. Mitchell

1968-Title VII Bilingual Education Act, an amendment to the ESEA

mitc1475 — 2024-04-08 23:08:54 UTC

A legislation in the U.S. that provided federal grants to school districts to create Bilingual Education programs for students with limited English proficiency skills.

This event is important to the assessment of MLs today because it was a start in supporting MLs education and provided MLs with learning opportunities suited to their needs.

1974-Lau v. Nichols

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A court case that took place in a public school in San Francisco and included Chinese students who were not receiving adequate language support (U.S. Department of Education, 2024). Essentially, the Supreme Court ruled that the lack of language support violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The court recognized that language barriers could result in educational discrimination and mandated schools to provide language support for MLs (U.S. Department of Education, 2024).

This event is important to the assessment of MLs today because this court case played a significant role in shaping language education policies in the United States and ensuring equal access to the curriculum for all students (U.S. Department of Education, 2024).

Reference

Developing ELL Programs: Lau v. Nichols. (n.d.). Department of Education. Retrieved April 8, 2024, from https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/ell/lau.html

1997-First national ELP standards

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The first set of English Language Proficiency standards in the United States. These standards reflected the social and academic dimensions of acquiring a second language that was expected of English language learners in grade levels K-12. The ELP standards focused on four language domains: listening, speaking, reading, and writing (Gottlieb, 2024). In addition, the ELP ranged from 5 different proficiency levels (entering, beginning, developing, expanding and bridging).

This event is important to the assessment of MLs today because in New York State, English Language Proficiency Assessments (ELP) are used in the identification, placement and reclassification of English language learners (ELLs) in the educational system. New York State also follows a similar ELP levels scoring rank that ranges from Entering (Beginning), Emerging (Low Intermediate), Transitioning (Intermediate) and Expanding (Advanced).

Reference

Gottlieb, M. (n.d.). English Language Proficiency Standards for English Language Learners in Kindergarten through Grade 12. Illinois State Board of Education. Retrieved April 8, 2024, from https://www.isbe.net/Documents/elps_framework.pdf

2008-California challenges ML test validity instate court

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In this court case, 9 school districts were denied having tests accessible in Spanish or simplified English for MLs (Mahoney, 2024).

This event is important to the assessment of MLs today because allowing students to access resources in their native language facilitates language development and literacy skills. This also allows MLs to feel more confident with the curriculum and promotes MLs with a sense of "acceptance".

Reference

Mahoney, K. (2024). Validity. In The assessment of Multilingual Learners (MLs): Supporting English Language Learners [Manuscript in Preparation] Multilingual Matters: Bristol, UK.

2004-Pennsylvania challenges ML test validity in state court

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In this court case, it was determined that it was not acceptable to test students in their native/home language (Mahoney, 2024).

This event is important to the assessment of MLs today because allowing MLs to use their native language helps to promote their academic success, cultural identity, language development, and social-emotional well-being.

Reference

Mahoney, K. (2024). Validity. In The assessment of Multilingual Learners (MLs): Supporting English Language Learners [Manuscript in Preparation] Multilingual Matters: Bristol, UK.