B : I am lactose intolerant.

• B flouts maxim of relation

• A tries to interpret B’s utterance as observing the maxim

• Knowledge of context: Pizza has cheese on it, B has dietary restrictions.

• Knowledge of the world: Lactose intolerant people can’t eat dairy products, cheese is considered as dairy product, people with lactose intolerance will experience uncomfortable symptoms if they consume dairy.

• An implicature is raised: B did not eat the pizza. B cannot eat the pizza due to being lactose intolerant. Hence, B does not know whether the pizza was delicious or not.

B: The popcorn was great.

-B flouts the maxim of relation

-A tries to interpret B’s utterance as observing the maxim.

-Knowledge of context: A went to the movie to watch the film, not just to eat popcorn.

-Knowledge of the world: People typically comment on the movie's plot, acting, or cinematography if they found it interesting or enjoyable.

-An implicature is raised: B may be implying that the movie wasn’t particularly good or memorable, so they chose to comment on the popcorn instead.

B: "The service was exceptional."

• B flouts the maxim of relation: B's response focuses on the service rather than the quality of the food, which is typically the main concern when discussing a restaurant.

• A tries to interpret B’s utterance as observing the maxim: A might assume that B's comment on the service is somehow related to the quality of the meal.

• Knowledge of context: A asked specifically about the dinner, implying they want to know about the food quality and overall dining experience.

• Knowledge of the world: When people talk about dining experiences, they generally mention the food, ambiance, or overall satisfaction with the meal.

B: I have a lot of house chores to do. The laundry is piling up, and the kitchen needs to be cleaned too.

Speaker B flouted the maxim of relation.

Speaker A tries to interpret Speaker B's utterance as observing the maxim.

Knowledge of context:

Speaker B usually does all the house chores.

Knowledge of the world:

• Doing house chores takes time.

• For laundry, you need to wait for the clothes in the washing machine before putting them in the dryer and fold them afterwards.

• For kitchen, clearing out food from the fridge, cleaning the stove and some other tasks require significant time.

• Before going out for breakfast, people need to get dressed which also takes time.

An implicature is raised:

• Speaker B needs to complete all her house chores.

• By the time the chores are done, it might already be lunchtime.

• There is no time to go out for breakfast.

• Speaker B is not able to go out for breakfast.

• Therefore, they are not going out for breakfast.

Mom: I’m exhausted, I had tons of meetings today.

• The mom flouted the maxim of relation.

• Son tries to interpret the mom's utterance as observing the maxim.

Knowledge of context:

• Mom has been busy with work lately which explains why she is tired.

Knowledge of the world

• Being tired could impact one's ability to physically or mentally engage in activities.

Implicature that was raised

• Mom’s comment about being tired implies they may not be able to go to the Zoo as planned.

• The outing might not happen today.

Person B: "I have a lot of studying to do."

-Context: A conversation between friends.

-Maxim Considered: Relevance (Be relevant).

-Inference: Person B is likely declining the invitation without directly saying "no." The implication is that they are too busy with studying to go to the movies.

-Knowledge of the world: Politeness in Communication: Social norms dictate that people often use indirect language to decline invitations in order to be polite. Instead of saying "no" directly, Person B provides a reason that justifies why they cannot go to the movies, which is a softer way of declining the invitation.

-The implicature raised: Person B is declining the invitation to go to the movies.

Even though Person B does not explicitly say "no," the implication is that they are too busy with their studies to go. The implicature relies on the shared understanding that studying requires time and focus, which would conflict with the time needed to go to the movies. Thus, Person B's statement indirectly conveys their unavailability.

Mother: I don't drive your car. (sarcasm)

• The mother flouts maxim of relation.

Daughter tries to interpret her mother's utterance as observing the maxim

• Knowledge of context: The daughter asked her mother whether or not her mother have seen her car key.

• knowledge of the world:

- The mother didn't have any idea where her car key was at.

- Her mother didn't care at all.

- Subtlety saying that was not her problem or responsibility

• Implicature: the daughter did not find the keys because the mother did not answer the question.

A: how was the flight? Was it good?

B: i'm scared of heights

• B flouts the maxim

A tries to interpret B's uttererance as obeserving the maxim

• Knowledge of context: the altitude of the flight was high and B has acrophobia.

  
  

• Knowledge of the world: Acrophobia is a mental health condition in which the individual experiences an intense fear of heights. People with this phobia has a hard time with high places

  
  

• Implicature: B did not have a good flight due to the acrophobia

Teacher: Did you complete your homework?

Student: Yes, but I left it at home.

Speaker: violating maxim of quality

Hearer: tries interpreting speaker's utterance as observing the maxim

Knowledge of context

• in academic setting, it is must to bring the homework given by the teacher to show the completion of the work.

• it implies to the teacher that the homework was not done or is not being presented honestly.

Knowledge of world

• common cultural understanding that students might use excuses to avoid consequences, such as not having their homework.

• this is based on the general knowledge that people sometimes provide excuses to avoid negative outcomes such as getting scold by teacher.

Implicature

• the student's answer might imply they didn't do the homework and are using the excuse to avoid trouble.

• The teacher might think the student is either telling the truth but forgot their homework or making up an excuse.

• the student cannot submit their homework as their homework must be presented to be count as done.

Dania: Do you think Zara has a new best friend nowadays?

Alya: Well, she always goes to The Curve on weekends.

Alya flouted the Maxim of Relation ---> Dania tries to interpret Alya's utterance as observing the maxim ---> Knowledge of context and the world ---> An implicature is raised.

Knowledge of context:

• Zara may have a new best friend, as per Dania's question.

• Alya's response to the questions given by Dania regarding Zara's frequent visits to the shopping mall, "The Curve," during weekends gives additional context about Zara's current regular social habits.

Knowledge of the world:

• A place called "The Curve" suggests the presence of social gathering locations.

• Visiting a specific place on weekends can be considered a regular activity. This infers the routine of their social activities.

• The concept of a "best friend" is being discussed, which specifies that the person has close relationships and that the changes in their social circle are notable.

• The assumption of changes in one's social relationships is relevant and worth discussing. This suggests that close friendships are valued.

An implicature is raised:

• Zara has a regular social routine of going to a place called "The Curve" on weekends.

• The potential changes in Zara are the topics of interest and discussions between Dania and Alya.

• Zara may have a new best friend.

B: I have bills due.

B is flouting the maxim of relation

A interprets B's utterance as observing the maxim

Knowledge of context: A asks B wether B wants to join for sushi tonight which is also a fancy meal to have on daily basis.

Knowledge of the world: Sushi restaurants can be expensive. Having bills due (as mentioned by B), means they're short of money and paying for a meal or eating out would be a waste to B as they could use the money to pay the bills due instead.

Implicature raised: B doesn't have enough money to eat out because of the bills due. So, B doesn't want to join A for sushi tonight.

Haziq: The theater was packed.

• Haziq flouting maxim of relation.

  
  

• Aiman tries to interpret Haziq's utterance as observing the maxim.

  
  

• Knowledge of context :

  Aiman knows Haziq is avoiding a direct answer about the movie and instead talking about the crowd. Haziq might not want to say how he felt about the movie.

  
  

• Knowledge of the world:

  Aiman understands that a crowded theater could mean the movie was popular or that the viewing experience was not enjoyable because of the crowd.

  
  

• An implicature is raised:

  Haziq might be hinting that the movie experience was overshadowed by the packed theater.

B: I need to look after my nieces for the weekend.

B is flouting the maxim of relation.

A tries to interpret B's utterance as observing the maxims.

• Knowledge of context: B is the only sibling who is single and have time to look after her nieces. B's siblings may be dependent on her for babysitting their children.

• Knowledge of the world: Nieces mean more than one child. Babysitting or caretaking children is not an easy job and takes a lot of time. Finishing up assignments needs a lot of time and effort. It's not possible to finish up work while babysitting.

• An implicature is raised: B used up all her time during the weekend babysitting her nieces. B did not have time to finish up her work while babysitting.

B did not do the slides.

B: The room was very comfortable.

• B flouts the maxim of relation.

• A tries to interpret B’s utterance as observing the maxim.

• Knowledge of context: A is asking about the content and quality of the presentation, not about the physical environment.

• Knowledge of the world: When people discuss presentations, they usually focus on the content, speaker, and overall effectiveness rather than the comfort of the room.

• Implicature: B may be suggesting that the presentation itself was not engaging or noteworthy, so they chose to comment on the room's comfort instead.

Bob: Yeah, Gordon Ramsay would be impressed.

• The maxim of Quality is flouted by Alice.

• The hearer (Bob) tries to interpret the Speaker's (Alice's) utterance as observing the maxim.

• Knowledge of Context:

  Alice and Bob are trying a new recipe, but it turns out to be a disaster.

• Knowledge of the World:

  When someone says food is delicious, it generally means it tastes good. However, sarcasm is often used when the opposite is true, especially in situations where something is clearly bad.

• Implicature that was Raised:

  Alice’s comment that the dish is "delicious" is sarcastic, implying that the dish is actually terrible.

  Bob's response about Gordon Ramsay being impressed follows the sarcasm, indicating he understands the dish is awful and is playing along with the humor.