Thank You For Arguing by Nora Beth Norton https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05 Summer Reading Project en-us 2018-08-30 12:54:35 UTC 2018-10-23 13:26:12 UTC hello@padlet.com 1. "Rhetoric is the art of influence, friendship, and eloquence, of ready wit and irrefutable logic" (Heinrichs 4). nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/276556975 This quote is not only an explanation of rhetoric, but it also describes it in such a way that I'm drawn into the book quickly. The flow and beauty that Heinrichs adds invites a reader to fall in love with the imagery. The sentence explains that rhetoric isn't a big, scary idea, and that it is actually quite exciting, although it does take knowledge and training to perfect argumentation.]]> 2018-08-30 13:00:02 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/276556975 Quotations nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/276559356 2018-08-30 13:05:28 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/276559356 2. "But wimps like us shall inherit the rhetorical earth. While the rest of the world fights, we'll argue. And argument gets you what you want more than fighting does" (Heinrichs 21). nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/276562070 Heinrichs's belief that arguing can get farther than brute force is a rare insight as compared to the present day thought. Wars begin with the lack of verbal communication, and they always end with the sudden realization that it is important to do so. Arguing can resolve conflicts without the physical damage of fighting.]]> 2018-08-30 13:13:09 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/276562070 3. "Facts do not exist in the future. We can know that the sun came up yesterday and that it shines now, but we can only predict that the sun will come up tomorrow" (Heinrichs 32). nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/276563756 To begin a choice argument, the speaker needs to realize that the future isn't set in stone. What can happen depends on a set of options. It is up to the audience which option to choose, but the speaker should deliver their preference with clarity and seduction.]]> 2018-08-30 13:17:48 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/276563756 4. "...lying isn't just wrong, it's unpersuasive. An audience is more likely to believe a trustworthy persuader, and to accept his argument" (Heinrichs 40). nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/276565238 A speaker must be morally upright in the eyes of the audience, and in order to do that, he or she should speak truth. An honest candidate is more likely to succeed because they have presented themselves in a way that shows their morals.]]> 2018-08-30 13:22:07 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/276565238 5. "Rhetorical decorum is the art of fitting in-not just in polite company but everywhere, from the office to the neighborhood bar" (Heinrichs 47). nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/276569470 A speaker needs to have a reputable background and appearance. He or she needs to not just stand in a crowd, but be appropriate to an audience's expectation of them.]]> 2018-08-30 13:31:43 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/276569470 Notes nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/276871471 2018-08-31 12:54:17 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/276871471 6. "You once believed what your opponent believed, but found yourself overwhelmed by sheer logic" (Heinrichs 75). nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/276872355 The disinterest tactic can be used to persuade an audience by "giving in" to what the speaker truly wants. It is easier to confront the audience with overwhelming evidence, yet saying it isn't the right choice.]]> 2018-08-31 12:57:22 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/276872355 7. "... he warned the crowd that they weren't about to hear anything new. Absolutely brilliant. What was brilliant? The speech, for one thing" (Heinrichs 78). nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/276874874 Heinrich speaks of Abraham Lincoln using the dubitatio technique that lowers audience expectation before blowing them away. If the speaker shows doubt, it makes the audience more lenient to what he or she has to say.]]> 2018-08-31 13:06:40 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/276874874 8. "It isn't pathetic enough" (Heinrichs 81). nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/276877263 A speaker needs to emotionally manipulate the audience by not fully expressing their own emotions. He or she needs to act as if they are holding back tons of emotion, whether pain or anger.]]> 2018-08-31 13:13:10 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/276877263 9. "Emotion has to do with seduction" (Heinrichs 92). nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277384734 An audience needs to desire to act, and the best way to do that is to entice them. You have to "get the horse to drink."]]> 2018-09-04 00:38:12 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277384734 10. "The technique (passive voice) works to calm the emotions because it disembodies the speaker and removes the actors, as if whatever happened was what insurers piously call an 'act of God'" (Heinrichs 96). nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277385467 Scientists and speakers can use this to remove emotions to a possibly angry or upset crowd to soften the blow, and, hopefully, keep the rage to a minimum. Without bringing in so much into debate, something 'can happen,' and the argument and persuasion on a small scale can occur without some people giving up what they prefer.]]> 2018-09-04 00:43:29 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277385467 Chapter 1 nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277521924 Aristotle's three leadership traits:
1. Virtue
2. Disinterest
3. Practical Wisdom]]> 2018-09-04 12:56:50 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277521924 Chapter 2 nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277522736 -Concession - concede to the opponent's point in order to win as a whole.
--admit weakness
-Convince audience to think like you think
-Don't be fooled. Realize rhetoric
Cicero's goals for persuading:
1. Stimulate audience emotion
2. Change its opinion (give extremes)
3. Get it to act]]> 2018-09-04 12:58:47 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277522736 Chapter 3 nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277523306 Aristotle's three core argument issues:
1. Blame - past tense - Who did it? Turn language toward future tense.
2. Values - present tense - What is right or wrong? Wanting to unite. ex. eulogy - "tribal talk" - many values impossible to change
3. Choice - future tense - Which one? Payoff promise - depends on people/time/circumstances
A lot of argument = common sense]]> 2018-09-04 13:00:04 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277523306 Chapter 4 nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277524633 Aristotle's three persuasion appeals:
1. Ethical appeal (ethos)
    a. Believability appeal - how credible they are - about audience expects
2. Logical appeal (logos)
3. Emotional appeal  (pathos)]]> 2018-09-04 13:02:27 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277524633 Chapter 5 - Ethical Appeal nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277525539 1. Decorum - "to fit" - become suitable for an audience - fit with group
2. Dialysis - use wisdom inexplicably
Aristotle's 3 qualities of credibility:
1. Virtue: audience believes you share their values
2. Wisdom: Appear to know right thing on each occasion - character references - expertise of others
3. Disinterest: lack of bias]]> 2018-09-04 13:04:23 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277525539 Chapter 6 - Ethical Appeal nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277526683 Make the audience:
1. receptive
2. attentive
3. trusting
Use:
1. Bragging
2. Character references
3. Tactical flaws]]> 2018-09-04 13:07:02 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277526683 Chapter 7 - Logical Appeal nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277528023 Speakers can bend the rules, but they need to seem reasonable to the audience. They otherwise won't act on what the speaker desires.]]> 2018-09-04 13:09:47 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277528023 Chapter 8 nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277528756 Act reluctantly to what the speaker actually wants, so that they seem "forced" to end up with the conclusion.
1. Dubitatio - have doubt in yourself... lower audience expectation - Abraham Lincoln (Heinrichs 77-78)]]> 2018-09-04 13:11:12 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277528756 Chapter 9 - Emotional Appeal nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277530020 The speaker needs to be "pathetic"
1. Don't overflow with emotion
--Experience and expectation
2. Try to hold back a strong feeling
3. Control volume
Tell a story (anecdote)
-speak simply
-use it near end
-works better on large groups
Aristotle's persuading emotions:
1. Anger
2. Patriotism
3. Emulation (imitate
4. Humor
(Heinrichs 81, 92)]]> 2018-09-04 13:13:34 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277530020 Chapter 10 nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277531722 1. Passive voice calms emotions down. It keeps from emotion overflow or even physical violence.
2. Focus on the audience.
3. Humor:
-disarms audience
    a. Urbane
    b. Wit
    c. Facetious
    d. Banter]]> 2018-09-04 13:16:49 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277531722 Chapter 11 (Logos 11-13) nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277534065 Use commonplaces - things an audience shares in common
assumption/belief/value/stereotype
Start over from rejection]]> 2018-09-04 13:20:45 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277534065 Chapter 12 nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277535450 Use fallback method - "Status theory:"
1. Facts... (if fails)
2. Definition - redefine... (if fails)
3. Argue the importance of opponent's topic... (if fails)
4. Claim argument is irrelevant]]> 2018-09-04 13:23:30 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/277535450 Chapter 13 nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/288590414 1. Inductive reasoning: Evidence/cases to come to (therefore) conclusion
2. Deductive reasoning: premise (commonplace) usually biased (for shared-value audiences)= (therefore) conclusion
"All men are created equal" - assumption
Rhetorical examples - facts/comparisons/stories when audience doesn't share beliefs
Syllogism/Enthymeme
1. Syllogism - Logical statement
2. Enthymeme - (faulty syllogism) Statement that relies on a commonplace that makes an assumption
---- May, might, could, at times, etc. - correct faulty logic]]> 2018-10-03 13:04:14 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/288590414 Chapters 19,20,21 nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/290719603 Argue w/t audience in mind:
-Identify them by age/race/ethnicity/gender/politic/values/socioeconomic/religion
-Adjust language to meet it
-Attach symbol: what audience values]]> 2018-10-09 13:26:19 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/290719603 Use Values nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/290723262 Don't try to change
Use values to appeal to audience]]> 2018-10-09 13:32:09 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/290723262 Chapter 23-24 nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/295918518 Timing
1. Kairos - art of seizing instant for persuasion
2. When audience's mood/beliefs changing = persuasive moment
ex: Stalin/legislators-gun control during times after mass shootings/Black Lives Matter/Women's Rights/#metoo]]> 2018-10-23 13:15:10 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/295918518 Chapter 25 nnorto6513 https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/295924431 Medium - means through which you argue
ex. conversation/text/speech/media
Senses:
1. Sound - logical
2. Smell - emotional
3. Sight - emotional (except words - logical)
4. Touch - emotional
5. Taste - emotional]]> 2018-10-23 13:24:28 UTC https://padlet.com/nnorto6513/dmpg4srq0j05/wish/295924431