Timeline Group 1 by Audrey Ke Zhao

1- Rise of the Ottomans

2025-07-09 22:19:10 UTC

(late 13th century–15th century) The Ottoman Empire began as a small Anatolian principality and expanded into a major Islamic empire. By the 15th century, it became a dominant force in the eastern Mediterranean.

2. Black Death 1347-1351

2025-07-09 22:22:16 UTC

The Black Death was a bubonic plague that occurred in Europe from 1347 to 1351. It was one of the most fatal pandemics in human history

3- Little Ice Age begins

2025-07-09 22:22:23 UTC

(1300s–1800s, but cooling noticeable from the 14th century) A period of cooler temperatures caused shorter growing seasons, crop failures, and famines. It contributed to social unrest and economic challenges, especially in Europe and parts of North Africa.

4. Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans (1453)

2025-07-09 22:24:04 UTC

The fall of Constantinople, which occurred on May 29, 1453 was the final phase of the Byzantine-Ottoman Wars

5-Expulsion of Jews from Spain; Columbus departs west

2025-07-09 22:24:10 UTC

(1492) Spain expelled its Jewish population under the Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella. In the same year, Columbus, sailing for Spain, began his transatlantic voyage, initiating European colonization of the Americas.

6.Ottomans conquer Egypt and take Mecca and Medina (1517)

2025-07-09 22:26:08 UTC

The Ottoman–Mamluk War was the second major conflict between the Egypt-based Mamluk Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire

7-Philip II rules Spain; Habsburg control peaks in western Mediterranean

2025-07-09 22:26:17 UTC

(1556–1598)Philip II presided over Spain’s global empire at its height, including territories in Europe, the Americas, and the Philippines. The Habsburgs dominated Mediterranean politics and trade during this period.

8.Battle of Lepanto—Spanish-led fleet defeats Ottomans (1571)

2025-07-09 22:27:27 UTC

The Battle of Lepanto was a naval engagement that took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of Catholic states arranged by Pope Pius V, inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of the Ottoman Empire in the Gulf of Patras.

9- Ottoman-Habsburg wars drain both empires

2025-07-09 22:27:58 UTC

(16th–17th centuries) Prolonged warfare between the Ottoman and Habsburg empires weakened both sides, consuming resources and leading to military stalemates and internal decline.

10. Atlantic empires rise: Dutch, English, and French dominate global trade (17th–18th centuries)

2025-07-09 22:28:50 UTC

The Atlantic Revolutions (19 April 1775 – 4 December 1838) were numerous revolutions in the Atlantic World in the late 18th and early 19th century, which formed a significant portion of the Age of Revolution

11- Coal-based industrial economy begins in northwest Europe

2025-07-09 22:28:57 UTC

(late 18th century)
The Industrial Revolution began in Britain, fueled by coal and innovations in manufacturing. This transformed economies, societies, and environments, giving Europe a significant global advantage.

12. Napoleon invades Egypt—launches new phase of European imperialism (1798)

2025-07-09 22:29:52 UTC

The French invasion of Egypt in 1798 was a military expedition led by Napoleon Bonaparte during the French Revolutionary Wars. The campaign aimed to undermine British trade routes, expand French influence, and establish a scientific and administrative presence in Egypt.