Bryant, R., & Bryant, S. (2021). Blackstone's handbook for policing students 2021 (15th ed.). Oxford University Press.

Chisholm.T and Coulter.A (2017). Safeguarding and Radicalisation. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/635262/Safeguarding_and_Radicalisation.pdf 

College of Policing. (2021). Multi-agency public protection arrangements (MAPPA). https://www.app.college.police.uk/app-content/major-investigation-and-public-protection/managing-sexual-offenders-and-violent-offenders/mappa/ 

College of policing. (2022). Crime Reduction Toolkit. https://whatworks.college.police.uk/toolkit/Pages/Toolkit.aspx 

Criminal Justice Act 2003

Data Protection Act 2018

Gov.uk. (2018). CONTEST. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/714404/060618_CCS207_CCS0218929798-1_CONTEST_3.0_PRINT.PDF 

McCauley.C and Mosklenko.S (2008). Mechanisms of Political Radicalization: Pathways Toward Terrorism. http://bascom.brynmawr.edu/aschcenter/mccauley/webpage%20stuff/2008%20mechanisms%20rad%20McC%20Moskale.pdf 

Mental Health Act 1983

National police chiefs council. (2022). Digital policing. https://www.npcc.police.uk/NPCCBusinessAreas/ReformandTransformation/Digitalpolicing.aspx 

National police chiefs council. (2022). Terrorism in the UK. https://www.npcc.police.uk/CounterTerrorism/HomePage.aspx 

Police Superintendents’ Association. (2022). PSA & College of Policing launch bespoke development programme for Police Public Protection & Safeguarding leads. https://www.policesupers.com/news/police-superintendents-association-and-college-of-policing-launch-bespoke-development-programme-for-police-public-protection-safeguarding-leads 

Richards,L. (2009). Domestic Abuse, Stalking and Harassment and Honour Based Violence. https://www.dashriskchecklist.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/DASH-2009.pdf 

Security service. (2022). Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre. https://www.mi5.gov.uk/joint-terrorism-analysis-centre 

Sexual Offence Act 2003 

Terrorism Act 2000

Youth Justice Board. (2012). Preventing Religious Radicalisation and Violent Extremism. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/396030/preventing-violent-extremism-systematic-review.pdf 

‘This high-level, sensitive area of work includes work around missing persons, hate crime and domestic abuse, and involves dealing with vulnerable victims and witnesses as well as potentially dangerous people.’ (Police Superintendents' Association (PSA, 2022)

It’s the responsibility of every Police officer to protect the public, especially the most vulnerable, from harm this can’t be achieved by the Police alone. The Police Chiefs and senior officers have a reasonability to establish a structure that supports multi-agency coordinated approaches that identify, assess, and manage any risks posed by offenders, such as sexual and violent offenders.

Every MAPPA offender must qualify as one of the three categories outlined below:

CCTV cameras are a technique of formal surveillance which takes the place of security personnel. CCTV cameras can be used to aid crime prevention, the detection of offenders, and crowd control or public order scenarios. The evidence suggests that CCTV has helped to reduce crime within the areas its implemented but has been shown to displace the crimes. [COP, 2022]

Hot spots Policing is a strategy that involves the targeting of resources and activities to those places where crime is most concentrated. The strategy is based on the premise that crime and disorder is not evenly spread within neighbourhoods but clustered in small locations. Overall, the evidence suggests that hot spots Policing has reduced crime within its areas of implementation. [COP, 2022]

Educational interventions to prevent relationship violence in individuals aged between 11 to 26 years old it aims to promote awareness of acceptable dating behaviour and an individual’s rights within a relationship. There is evidence that suggests educational interventions to prevent relationship violence have reduced relationship-related crime. [COP, 2022]

The NPCC has outlined the Digital Policing Vision for 2025:

The Policing Vision 2025 sets out how digital Policing will:

·         Make it easier for the Police and public to communicate with each other [NPCC, 2022]

·         Improve digital investigations and intelligence [NPCC, 2022]

·         Transfer all information with the Criminal Justice System (CJS) digitally. [NPCC, 2022]

The Digital Policing Vision aims to improve all aspects of Police work and investigations and will make it easier for the public and Police to communicate, enabling forces to respond and adapt to the digital world that is playing a vital role in everyday life. [NPCC, 2022]

The Data Protection Act 2018 sets out guidelines on how to handle sensitive data including how to store it, how to obtain someone’s information, how much information to take, and how long the information should be kept. The data protection act also makes it illegal to use someone’s information in a way they didn’t agree to and makes it illegal to sell someone’s sensitive information. 

Section 15 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 outlines what grooming is and gives a structure in which to protect children from sexual grooming, it also makes it easier to prosecute any individual caught attempting to grooming a vulnerable individual.

‘Militant groups that are usually the offshoot of non-violent movements and the difference, isn’t in their ideologies or objectives but in what they regard to be the appropriate strategy to achieve their aims.’ [Gov.uk, 2014] 

Any individual can be susceptible to radicalisation given the right circumstances change, but a factor that can greatly increase a person’s chances of being radicalised is if they’re suffering from mental health issues. 

The assessment of the level and nature of the threat from international terrorism is made by the Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre (JTAC) While another threat of terrorism is assessed and monitored by the Security Services (MI5). This includes threat level which is a shorthand description for the overall threat in the UK or specific targets such as military base or government facilities. The threat level doesn’t require any specific response from the public as they are mostly an indication and tools for the police and other security organisation working to reduce the terror threat. The threat of a terrorist attack presents various challenges, the safety of the public remains the top priority for the government and falls under public protection by the police.

CONTEST implements a new strategic framework ‘the four P’s’:

• Prevent: to stop people becoming terrorists or supporting terrorism. [gov.uk, 2018]

• Pursue: to stop terrorist attacks. [gov.uk, 2018]

• Protect: to strengthen our protection against a terrorist attack. [gov.uk, 2018]

• Prepare: to mitigate the impact of a terrorist attack. [gov.uk, 2018]