https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza replacing Cellular Respiration essay en-us 2016-12-12 23:32:10 UTC 2026-01-24 20:45:52 UTC hello@padlet.com mahamahmad44 https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143262462 Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP).]]> 2016-12-12 23:59:06 UTC https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143262462 mahamahmad44 https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143262693
organic compounds + oxygen -----> carbon dioxide + water + energy ]]> 2016-12-13 00:03:22 UTC https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143262693 mahamahmad44 https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143263022 Three parts of Cellular Respiration:

Glycolysis: (breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate) – occurs in cytosol

• The citric acid cycle (completes the breakdown of glucose) – occurs in mitochondrial matrix

• Electron Transport/Oxidative Phosphorylation (accounts for most of the ATP synthesis) – occurs across inner membrane of mitochondria ]]> 2016-12-13 00:09:13 UTC https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143263022 mahamahmad44 https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143263264  Fermentation produces organic molecules, including alcohol and lactic acid, and it occurs in the absence of oxygen. ]]> 2016-12-13 00:14:35 UTC https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143263264 mahamahmad44 https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143264621  Aerobic respiration consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP. 

Anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds other than O2. ]]> 2016-12-13 00:42:15 UTC https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143264621 mahamahmad44 https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143267650  Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to two molecules of pyruvate – it is the first stage of cellular respiration.]]> 2016-12-13 01:36:13 UTC https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143267650 mahamahmad44 https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143267752  • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and has two major phases: an energy investment phase and an energy payoff phase.

 • Glycolysis occurs WITH or WITHOUT oxygen ]]> 2016-12-13 01:38:12 UTC https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143267752 mahamahmad44 https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143268811 2016-12-13 01:57:58 UTC https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143268811 mahamahmad44 https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143269243  The first step is the phosphorylation of glucose (glucose molecule gains 2 inorganic phosphates) – this ACTIVATES the glucose to split. 

• The second step is the splitting of glucose – breaking it down into (2) 3-carbon molecules called pyruvic acid. This process is achieved by stripping electrons and hydrogens from the unstable 3-C molecules (as well as the borrowed phosphates). ]]> 2016-12-13 02:08:38 UTC https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143269243 mahamahmad44 https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143269655  2 ATPs are needed to produce 4 ATPs (energy investment and energy payoff phases), so there is a net production of 2 ATPs. 

• A second product in glycolysis is 2 NADH, which results from the transfer of eand H+ to the coenzyme NAD+ . ]]> 2016-12-13 02:16:41 UTC https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143269655 mahamahmad44 https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143269978  The pyruvate produced during glycolysis is transported from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrion, where further oxidation occurs. ]]> 2016-12-13 02:23:28 UTC https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143269978 mahamahmad44 https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143270193  The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is the junction between glycolysis (step 1) and the Krebs cycle (step 2).

 • If oxygen is present, Pyruvate (3 C each) from glycolysis enters the mitochondrion. 

• Using Coenzyme A, each pyruvate is converted into a molecule of Acetyl CoA (2 C each). ]]> 2016-12-13 02:27:36 UTC https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143270193 mahamahmad44 https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143270436 2016-12-13 02:31:26 UTC https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143270436 mahamahmad44 https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143271034  In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released from organic intermediations ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate ]]> 2016-12-13 02:41:37 UTC https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143271034 mahamahmad44 https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143272579  its events take place within the mitochondrial matrix.

 • it generates 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn. 

• Electrons that are extracted in the series of Krebs cycle reactions are carried by NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport chain. ]]> 2016-12-13 03:10:20 UTC https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143272579 mahamahmad44 https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143272700 2016-12-13 03:12:56 UTC https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143272700 mahamahmad44 https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143272933  The electron transport chain captures free energy from electrons in a series of coupled reactions that establish an electrochemical gradient across membranes ]]> 2016-12-13 03:17:21 UTC https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143272933 mahamahmad44 https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143272948  Electron transport chain reactions occur across the Christae of the mitochondria (inner membrane). ]]> 2016-12-13 03:17:49 UTC https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143272948 mahamahmad44 https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143273309  The flow of protons back through membrane-bound ATP synthase by chemiosmosis generates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ]]> 2016-12-13 03:22:55 UTC https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143273309 mahamahmad44 https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143274087 2016-12-13 03:35:29 UTC https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143274087 mahamahmad44 https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143274192  Two common types are alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.  ]]> 2016-12-13 03:37:35 UTC https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143274192 mahamahmad44 https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143274203  In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, with the first releasing CO2. 

Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in brewing, winemaking, and baking.  ]]> 2016-12-13 03:38:04 UTC https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143274203 mahamahmad44 https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143274246  In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2. 

Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt. Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce. ]]> 2016-12-13 03:39:03 UTC https://padlet.com/mahamahmad44/djyvetzyslza/wish/143274246