Migration and its effects by https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6 Francesco Battaglia, Silvana Capuozzo, Rosario Confalone, Giorgia Cundari, Domenico Di Maro, Laura Fiola, Raffaele Telese en-us 2023-01-21 11:41:28 UTC 2023-01-23 15:44:32 UTC hello@padlet.com What do we mean by migration? https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452257738 Human migration is a movement of individuals from one geographical area to another, done with the intention of settling temporarily or permanently in the new area. Migration can be both internal when an individual moves within a state and external when moving from one state to another. Migration can involve individuals, families or large groups of people. Human migration is a social phenomenon due to several possible factors: economic, political, social and environmental.

Individuals who move from their country of origin due to natural or climatic disasters, civil or international wars, or persecutions of various kinds are usually defined as refugees, or if the movement takes place within a country, we speak of forced migration. A person who seeks international protection due to persecution of any kind or in the case of frequent and serious human rights violations is instead defined as an asylum seeker.
Human migration has continued, throughout its history, both in the form of voluntary migration within a region or country, and in the form of involuntary or forced migration. The latter concerns or has involved slavery, human trafficking and ethnic cleansing.

There are various types of migrants, classified according to the reason for migration, whether they migrate legally or illegally:
Family reunification: the right of the foreign citizen living in a state to request the entry of family members residing abroad, in order to continuously re-establish the unity of one's family.
Environmental migrant: person who has been forced to leave their traditional habitat, temporarily or permanently due to an environmental disruption (natural and/or man-made) which has endangered their existence and/or seriously affected the quality of its life (e.g. climate change, drought, flood, earthquake etc...).
Asylum seeker: is the person who, outside his or her country of origin, presents an application for recognition of international protection in another State. this remains so, until the competent authorities decide on the same application for protection.]]> 2023-01-22 11:26:08 UTC https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452257738 Demographic effects raffaeletelese https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452318152 Those who make such a tough choice are driven by desperation and hope. The first convinces that there is no remedy to the conditions of misery in which it finds itself and that the future at home no longer holds any opportunities. The assessment of the impact that each migratory current has on the country is obtained by taking into consideration the numerical relationship between the incoming population flow and the size of the local population, so we can outline two situations:
 
1. the number of immigrants exceeds that of the original inhabitants;
2. immigrants constitute a minority within the local population.
 
The structural consequences of migration concern both the regions of departure and the regions of arrival.
In the country of departure: on the demographic level, emigration can thin out part of the population but normally when the exodus is numerically consistent it unbalances the demographic pyramid causing a hemorrhage of the young classes and the aggravation of the demographic weight. It also affects birth rates and causes families to break up.
In the country of arrival: on a demographic level, immigrant populations normally have a positive effect on the youth age groups and on the fertility/birth rate, contributing to the increase of the local population.
 
]]> 2023-01-22 14:03:16 UTC https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452318152 Economic effects raffaeletelese https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452318795 From an economic point of view, one of the possible consequences of migration can be the return of strong currency from abroad, which is usually used to support the remaining family members; the professional categories that emigrate are often the ones that the country needs most, causing the so-called brain-drain, and conditioning the country's development.

The immigrant workforce adapts to the needs of the local labor market, entering at medium-low levels, jobs rejected or unwanted by the local population due to the greater risk, low salary or even seasonal precariousness. Migration can create situations of hardship in the housing, health and transport sectors, especially in marginal areas where could form "ghetto" neighborhoods. Migration also causes arguments between the migrant workforce and the local workforce about salary and employment.

]]> 2023-01-22 14:04:49 UTC https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452318795 Exploitation of migrants raffaeletelese https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452319683 States must review policies that contribute to the exploitation of migrants and violate their right to just working conditions.  Amnesty International declared it today, publishing a report on the exploitation of migrants in the agricultural sector.  The document focuses on serious forms of exploitation of labourers, often seasonal or temporary, from African and Asian countries.  However, the report points out that such exploitation is widespread throughout the country.  For example, in Italy it was estimated at around 5.4 million, about 8.9 percent of the population.  For equal work, they receive wages about 40 percent lower than the Italian minimum wage agreed between the social partners.  Often, then, they work longer hours.  The victims of labor exploitation are African and Asian migrants and, in some cases, citizens of the European Union (especially Bulgarians and Romanians) and citizens of non-EU countries of Eastern Europe (including Albanians).

 Agriculture is the first sector for victims of exploitation.
  For example, it is the one that records the highest share of workers who are victims of exploitation.
 18.6% are victims of exploitation in the agricultural sector, according to Inl data (2020).
 This figure instead drops to 4.2% in the case of industry and respectively to 0.6% and 0.5% in the tertiary and construction sectors.]]> 2023-01-22 14:06:39 UTC https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452319683 Racism raffaeletelese https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452322859 One of the most common sociocultural consequences is racism towards migrants. Migrant status causes discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity or nationality on the part of host citizens. Being a migrant often means being the object of discrimination: it is not uncommon to found in the migrant the scapegoat for numerous faults such as unemployment, crime, drugs, even terrorism, especially when dealing with undocumented subjects or in a situation of irregularity. This congestion of situations inevitably leads to discrimination, racism, xenophobia which especially affect women, subject to abuse and violence and the children of migrants with regard to future careers. Not to mention the stress, anger, fatigue, which negatively affect the performance of discriminated workers. In a seminar held in Bangkok in October 2000, the experts noted how certain categories of migrants are even more disadvantaged: these are the children of raped migrant women, the children of mixed marriages and the children of immigrants born in the host country.]]> 2023-01-22 14:13:12 UTC https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452322859 Socio-cultural effects raffaeletelese https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452323079 Migration flows have always been an important fact not only in the relations between the various states but also in relation to cultural and above all social life. On the socio-cultural level: emigration can cause an alteration in the patterns of consumption and behavior and in the relationship life.  All of which leads to creation of areas with a high ethnic concentration, which are often combined with social risk factors: lack or scarcity of connections, sanitation, health and education services;  housing precariousness and high population density;  marginality.
  Immigration brings together people of different cultures, races, religions and traditions.  These aspects create serious problems of assimilation which make the integration process difficult, if not useless, with all the efforts being borne by the host country.  The current migratory phenomenon has been defined as epochal and it is necessary that all the states of rich Europe agree to find a common solution.]]> 2023-01-22 14:13:43 UTC https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452323079 The "Great Arrival" raffaeletelese https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452326611 Italians were protagonists of the largest migration in modern history: the "Great Arrival", a tragic event that marked a generation of Italians, ready to abandon a very hard life in search of a better life and a new world. Since 1861, about 30 million departures have been recorded. It was a migration that involved all the Italian regions, initially Northern Italy then the southern regions with Sicily which gave the greatest contribution. Southern Italy supplied 90% of its emigration to the Americas, favoring the United States.

The causes are complex, and each individual or family had a singular story. During 19th century, Italy achieved unification, but the land and the people were no unified. In fact, many years of internal struggle brought to violence, social chaos, and poverty. In particular, the peasants in the poor south of Italy had little hope of improving their lot and the government was in no condition to bring help to the people. So, as transatlantic shipping improved and news of American prosperity spread by returning immigrants, Italians found it increasingly difficult to resist the United States.

But public opinion, upon the arrival of foreigners, considered everyone as dangerous illegal immigrants. Italians were victims of racism for years, becoming the most abused foreigners of all. For example, in New York, Italians lived in the worst neighborhood of the city, many people were arrested and an agent was assigned to every street inhabited by Italians. Misery and despair led to crime. The whole history of American crime is marked by Italian names, so a wave of anti-Italian hatred was formed.

The emigrants were seen by the newspapers as: Europe's worst rejections, lazy, corruptors, superstitious. Also, the English poet Shelley described Italians as a tribe of slaves, and Italian women as the most despicable, disgusting and dirtiest. This is how they were described by the people of the countries where they believed they would find a New World, after a long journey which for many had no return and for others not even an arrival.

]]> 2023-01-22 14:21:21 UTC https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452326611 raffaeletelese https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452335636 2023-01-22 14:38:02 UTC https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452335636 raffaeletelese https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452336094 2023-01-22 14:39:09 UTC https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452336094 raffaeletelese https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452336767 2023-01-22 14:40:45 UTC https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452336767 raffaeletelese https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452337675 2023-01-22 14:42:41 UTC https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452337675 raffaeletelese https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452338548 2023-01-22 14:44:35 UTC https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452338548 raffaeletelese https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452339151 2023-01-22 14:45:57 UTC https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452339151 raffaeletelese https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452339744 2023-01-22 14:47:16 UTC https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452339744 raffaeletelese https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452340847 2023-01-22 14:49:46 UTC https://padlet.com/raffaeletelese/dhxzoobg008wipv6/wish/2452340847