Fluency

Differentiated small groups

Word work

Discourse: Teachers explicitly embed talking routines across contexts and all subject areas throughout the day. Students use academic vocabulary.

Daily routines, explicit instruction, encoding, dictation practice, front loading of vocabulary

Explicit Strategy Instruction: Teach and model comprehension strategies (e.g., questioning, predicting, summarizing) with think-alouds and anchor charts.

Text-Based Discussion: Facilitate structured conversations about text using evidence and key vocabulary.

Scaffolded Complex Text: Use grade-level texts with teacher support to build knowledge, vocabulary, and stamina.

Text Structure Awareness: Teach students to recognize and use text structures (e.g., narrative, compare/contrast, cause/effect).

Purposeful Text Sets: Use a variety of related texts to deepen topic knowledge and develop schema.

Annotate and Plan: Teach students to use a consistent system to mark key elements (e.g., main idea, evidence, etc.) as they read, then apply annotations to tasks (e.g., text-dependent questions, summaries, or discussions).