Such a high level of commitment to tackling climate change by so many governments is unprecedented. It holds the world's largest emitters proportionally responsible. Across these countries, we estimate that increasing ambition to be consistent with the Paris Agreement could result in an annual reduction of 1.18 million deaths due to air pollution, 5.86 million deaths due to diet-related risk factors, and 1.15 million deaths due to physical inactivity by 2040. Although the Paris Climate Agreement has its fair share of problems, it addresses this global crisis in a way that no other current agreement does. However, governments generally agree on the science behind climate change but have diverged on who is most responsible and how to set emissions-reduction goals. However, experts say the Paris Agreement is not enough to prevent the global average temperature from rising 1.5°C. The terms laid out in the Paris Agreement are difficult to enforce. There are no repercussions for countries who fail to meet their targets. Without legal ramifications, some countries see their pledges as meaningless, and, therefore, do not prioritize a reduction in carbon emissions. Some modifications like, shifting to renewable energy and phasing out fossil fuels can reduce air pollution and its associated health impacts, improve energy access in rural areas, and provide employment. Would make the agreement more effective.

Zero-carbon solutions are becoming competitive across economic sectors representing 25% of emissions. This trend is most noticeable in the power and transport sectors and has created many new business opportunities for early movers. The information gathered through the ETF will feed into the Global stock take which will assess the collective progress towards the long-term climate goals.

By 2030, zero-carbon solutions could be competitive in sectors representing over 70% of global emissions.

1992. The focus of this conference was the state of the global environment and the relationship between economics, science and the environment in a political context. The conference concluded with the Earth Summit, at which leaders of 105 nations gathered to demonstrate their commitment to sustainable development. This paper will summarize the goals of the Conference, what was accomplished, and what it all means to Canadians.

Mechanisms: Follow-up mechanisms: Commission on Sustainable Development; Inter-agency Committee on Sustainable Development; High-level Advisory Board on Sustainable Development.

https://enb.iisd.org/durban-climate-change-conference-cop17

https://unfccc.int/process/conferences/the-big-picture/milestones/outcomes-of-the-durban-conference

first report: (1990)

greenhouse effect concentration was going up to the atmosphere and increasing average temperature due to the human activity.

The role of the IPCC is to make a research about the problems which affect the world's climate. The IPCC mostly focused on:

What is the issue? what factors determine climate change?

how much do we expect to change? what should be done to reduce the uncertainness. etc.

"IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change." IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. N.p., n.d. Web. 05

Feb. 2015.

"The IPCC: Who Are They and Why Do Their Climate Reports Matter?" Union of Concerned Scientists. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Feb. 2015.

Evaluations:

2007 noble prize awards for efforts to encourage the government and the community to encourage to raise awareness of Global Warming.

IPCC have been involved in multiple campaigns of researching about climate change . The IPCC data and predictions are not always reliable

A united nations conference which took place in Rio de Janeiro, about sustainable development. The conference took place in 2012, and is named "+20" because it was exactly 20 years after the famous Rio Earth Summit, 1992. The official discussions focussed on two main themes: how to build a green economy to achieve sustainable development and lift people out of poverty; and how to improve international coordination for sustainable development.

Mechanisms / Ideas Introduced

PROBLEMS ADDRESSED:

- By 2050 there could be 9 billion people on Earth.

- 1.4 Billion (1/5 people) live on $1.25 a day or less.

- 1.5 Billion people don't have access to electricity.

- 2.5 Billion people don't have access to sanitation.

- Almost 1 Billion people go hungry every single day.

- If greenhouse gas polution continue to increase,

then 1/3 of all species could end up being extinct.

(http://www.un.org/en/sustainablefuture/about.shtml)

EvaluationThe Rio+20 conference was very important for the global warming issue because 513 billion dollars was pledged, and planned to be used to solve some of the issues mentioned above. This money would be used to reach all of the following goals:

We commit to improving governance and capacity at all levels; global, regional, national and local. To promote integrated decision making, to fill the implementation gap and promote coherence across institutions. 

We commit ourselves to reinvigorating the global partnership for sustainable development. We recognize that States must work together cooperatively and join with all stakeholders to address the common sustainable development challenges we face. 

We call for a global policy framework requiring all listed and large private companies to consider sustainability issues and to integrate sustainability information within the reporting cycle.

- See more at: http://www.uncsd2012.org/futurewewant.html#sthash.5H8y6RhG.dpuf

This is significant because it will hopefully help build the future that we all want, and need!

EVALUATION

Marrakesh Accords and NAPAs reveals both strengths and challenges. The accords provided a comprehensive framework for implementing the Kyoto Protocol, with innovative mechanisms promoting international cooperation and cost-effective emission reductions. The compliance system enhanced transparency and accountability, while NAPAs addressed the urgent adaptation needs of the most vulnerable countries.

However, the complexity of the rules and procedures sometimes hindered full utilization, particularly for developing countries. Funding for NAPAs was often insufficient and slow, limiting timely project implementation. Additionally, the focus on urgent needs sometimes overlooked long-term adaptation planning. Despite these challenges, the Marrakesh Accords and NAPAs marked significant progress in global climate action, laying a foundation for more comprehensive and inclusive efforts in the future.

SUMMARY

In 2001, the Marrakesh Accords were adopted at the seventh Conference of the Parties (COP 7) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Marrakesh, Morocco. These accords were pivotal in operationalizing the Kyoto Protocol, providing essential guidelines and mechanisms for global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance climate resilience.

The Marrakesh Accords introduced key mechanisms such as Emissions Trading, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and Joint Implementation (JI). Emissions Trading allowed countries to trade emission allowances, promoting a market-driven approach to reducing emissions. The CDM enabled developed countries to earn credits by investing in sustainable development projects in developing nations, thus facilitating emission reductions and supporting development. Joint Implementation allowed developed countries to earn credits through projects in other developed countries, encouraging international cooperation.

A robust compliance system was established to monitor and enforce adherence to the Kyoto Protocol commitments. Detailed guidelines for reporting and monitoring emissions enhanced transparency and accountability, crucial for maintaining the Protocol's integrity.

The Marrakesh Accords also emphasized supporting developing countries through capacity-building, technology transfer, and financial aid, enabling them to meet climate goals and address sustainable development needs.

Simultaneously, National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) were introduced to address the adaptation needs of least developed countries (LDCs). NAPAs identified priority activities for enhancing resilience to climate impacts, particularly in vulnerable sectors and communities. Access to funding from the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) was streamlined to facilitate the implementation of these adaptation projects.

https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/cop7/13a01.pdf

The bali action plan was a fail in the sense that they underestimated the problem of climate change. However they did raise awareness and managed to create new conventions like the Copenhagen conference which was important for climate change.

Some major points discussed in the bali action plan were:

Decisions on deforestation and forest management
Decisions on technology for developing countries

Sustainability up to and beyond 2012

The Copenhagen accord:

Copenhagen raised the climate policy's to the highest levels

It advanced the negotiations on the infrastructure needed for well-functioning, global climate change cooperation;
It committed developed countries to $30 billion fast-start financing (in 2010-2012) for adaptation and mitigation in developing countries, with priority given to the least developed countries.

"Bali Road Map Intro." Bali Road Map Intro. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Feb. 2015. <http://unfccc.int/key_steps/bali_road_map/items/6072.php>.

"Bali Climate Change Conference - December 2007." Bali Climate Change Conference - December 2007. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Feb. 2015. <http://unfccc.int/meetings/bali_dec_2007/meeting/6319.php>.

https://unfccc.int/process/conferences/the-big-picture/milestones/the-cancun-agreements

https://unfccc.int/process/conferences/the-big-picture/milestones/the-cancun-agreements

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty first adopted in Kyoto, Japan on the 11th of December 1997, and then entered in to force on February 16 2005. The treaty commits its Parties by setting international binding emission reduction targets.

The First Commitment Period

Adopted in 2002, the European Union set binding national targets, to reduce their collective Greenhouse gas emissions by 8% in 2008-2012 compared to the GHG emission levels in 1990.

Target for 2008-2012
(change from base year)

EU-15-8%

Austria-13%Belgium-7.5%Denmark-21%Finland0%France0%Germany-21%Greece+25%Ireland+13%Italy-6.5%Luxembourg-28%Netherlands-6%Portugal+27%Spain+15%Sweden+4%United Kingdom-12.5%

The Second Commitment Period

The SCP started in 2013 and is planned to last until 2020 and its goal to reduce EU carbon emissions by 20%

The Kyoto Protocol is an active attempt to reduce the Eu's GHG emissions, before it reaches the two degree Celsius change. Without this active effort, the world would have reached the two degree change a long time ago.

Work Cited:

UN. "Kyoto Protocol." Kyoto Protocol. UN, n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2015. <http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php>.

"KYOTO PROTOCOL." KYOTO PROTOCOL. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Feb. 2015. <http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.html>.

UN. "Kyoto Emissions Targets. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Feb. 2015. <http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/g-gas/kyoto/index_en.htm>.

The Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) comprises three Working Group contributions:

1. The Working Group I report will address the most updated physical understanding of the climate system and climate change, bringing together the latest advances in climate science, and combining multiple lines of evidence from paleoclimate, observations, process understanding, global and regional climate simulations. It will show how and why climate has changed to date, and the improved understanding of human influence on a wider range of climate characteristics, including extreme events. There will be a greater focus on regional information that can be used for climate risk assessments.

2. Working Group II will assess the impacts of climate change, from a world-wide to a regional view of ecosystems and biodiversity, and review the implications for humans and their diverse societies, cultures and settlements. The report will consider the vulnerabilities and the capacities and limits of the natural world and of human societies to adapt to climate change. It will thereby inform adaptation and mitigation efforts to reduce climateassociated risks together with options for creating a sustainable, resilient and equitable future for all.

3. Working Group III will assess progress in limiting emissions, and the range of available mitigation options in energy and urban systems, and in sectors such as agriculture, forestry and land use, buildings, transport and industry. It will consider these in the context of sustainable development. The report will also assess the connection between short to medium-term actions and long-term emission pathways that limit global warming.

1. Human-induced global warming of 1.1 degrees celcius has spurred changes to the Earth’s climate that are unprecedented in recent human history.

2. Climate impacts on people and ecosystems are more widespread and severe than expected, and future risks will escalate rapidly with every fraction of a degree of warming.

3. Adaptation measures can effectively build resilience, but more finance is needed to scale solutions.

4. Some climate impacts are already so severe they cannot be adapted to, leading to losses and damages.

5. Global GHG emissions peak before 2025 in 1.5 degrees celcius-aligned pathways

6. The world must rapidly shift away from burning fossil fuels — the number one cause of the climate crisis.

7. We also need urgent, systemwide transformations to secure a net-zero, climate-resilient future.

8. Carbon removal is now essential to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees celcius.

9. Climate finance for both mitigation and adaptation must increase dramatically this decade.

10. Climate change — as well as our collective efforts to adapt to and mitigate it — will exacerbate inequity should we fail to ensure a just transition.  

Links for more information:

• https://www.wri.org/insights/2023-ipcc-ar6-synthesis-report-climate-change-findings#:~:text=The%20IPCC%20finds%20that%20there,sooner%20%E2%80%94%20between%202018%20and%202037.

• https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2021/06/Fact_sheet_AR6.pdf