·       Bluetongue virus (BTV) that belongs to the genus Orbivirus and family of the Reoviridae

·       Transmitted by insects, particularly biting midges of the Culicoides species

·       It occurs in southern Africa that is found chiefly in European breeds of sheep and ruminants. 

 d. Symptoms

·       Fever (cause wool breaks in sheep)

·       Excessive salivation

·       oral erosions 

·       ulcerations

·       swollen & protruding tongue 

·       cyanotic tongue ( blue tongue ) 

·       reproductive failure

·       weakness, depression, weight loss

 e. Treatments/ preventions?

·       no specific treatment for acute cases of bluetongue

·       keeping animals warm & dry

·       giving fluids such as antibiotics to prevent secondary infections 

·       vector control to reduce transmissions of the virus to non-infected animals 

·       Bluetongue-infected animals should be quarantined, and the farm should be closed until a confirmed diagnosis is made.

·       vaccination

 f. Reference

https://www.oie.int/en/disease/bluetongue/

“Bluetongue - the Latest Info and Updates from the NFU | BTV | Midge.” Bluetongue - the Latest Info and Updates from the NFU | BTV | Midge, www.nfuonline.com, 12 Apr. 2022, https://www.nfuonline.com/updates-and-information/bluetongue-what-you-need-to-know/.

Lumpy skin disease. Lumpy skin disease - DAWE. (n.d.). Retrieved April 18, 2022, from https://www.awe.gov.au/biosecurity-trade/pests-diseases-weeds/animal/lumpy-skin-disease

Şevik, M., Avci, O., Doğan, M., & İnce, Ö. B. (2016). Serum biochemistry of Lumpy skin disease virus-infected cattle. BioMed research international. Retrieved April 18, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4880690/ 

 

    b. Causative agent

    c. Where it occur? Pin your notes there!

    d. Symptoms?

   e. Treatment/ Preventions

   References 
VCA Hospital, what is coccidiosis?

https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/coccidiosis-in-dogs#:~:text=How%20is%20coccidiosis%20treated%3F,necessary%20to%20repeat%20the%20treatment. 

Maryland Small Ruminant  
https://www.sheepandgoat.com/articles/coccidiosis2011.html

https://www.slideshare.net/schoenian/preventing-and-treating-coccidiosis 

FASCIOLOSIS
- Fasciolosis is a parasitic worm infection caused by the common liver flukes of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. The disease is a plant-borne trematode zoonosis and is classified as a neglected tropical disease (NTD). The main hosts of this infection are ruminants such as cattle and sheep, but it also affects humans.

2. WHERE DOES IT OCCUR?

- It is most commonly found in the Andes region, especially in Bolivia and Peru.

3. WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS:
a. Abdominal pain
b. hepatomegaly
c. nausea
d. vomiting
e. intermittent fever
f. urticaria
g. malaise
h. weight loss due to liver damage.

4. TREATMENTS / PREVENTIONS:
-Diagnosis: The diagnosis of Fasciolosis is based on the detection of eggs in feces or F. hepatica-specific antibodies in serum.

-Triclabendazole (TCBZ) is the current drug of choice used for the treatment of F. hepatica infections, because of its high activity against both Juvenile and adult flukes.

-Although anthelmintic treatment is effective against Fasciolosis, this is an expensive and non-sustainable measure. The drug-resistant anthelmintics is the development of a vaccine.

5. REFERENCES:
·        Armour, J. (1973). Fascioliasis. Epidemiology, treatment, and control. In: G.M. Urquhart and J. Armour (Editors), Helminth Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, and Horses in Europe. Robert Mac Lehose and Company Limited, Glasgow, pp: 100-109.
·        Reddington, J. J., Leid, R. W., & Wescott, R. B. (1986). The susceptibility of the goat to Fasciola hepatica infections. Veterinary Parasitology, 19(1-2), 145-150.
 

 

c.  Where it occured? Pin you noted there
  Sri lanka 

d. Symptoms?

-If the intestines of animals have this parasite, they will experience stomach pain, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. This will cause the animal to be hydrated and lethargic.

- The formation of gas or bloating. This causes the animal to experience frequent vomiting and can cause the animal to lose nutrients in the body.

- Can cause a rash or itching around the rectum or vulva. Animals will suffer from bacterial infections on the body due to the effects of scratching due to itching and rashes resulting from the parasite

e.Treatment? Prevention?

Using the drug such as:

-Benzimidazoles remain the best remedy for this type of parasitic worm.

-Anthelmintic. They may be used to reduce pasture contamination, particularly at times when seeding of the pasture with parasite eggs is a prerequisite for development of an infective challenge necessary to cause clinical parasitism.

-Avermectin

-Use deworming medicine wisely.

-Avoid malnutrition (especially for sheep and goat)

-Avoid overcrowding because most gastrointestinal helminthes are transmitted directly from one host to another.

-Don’t feed hay or grain on the ground. Instead, feed from racks or feeders and keep these clean.

f.References

-https://www.msdvetmanual.com/digestive-system/gastrointestinal-parasites-of-ruminants/overview-of-gastrointestinal-parasites-of-ruminants 

- https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/intestinal-parasites

-https://www.farmhealthonline.com/disease-management/cattle-diseases/parasitic-gastroenteritis-in-ruminants/

- Nayana Gunathilaka, Dimuthu Niroshana, Deepika Amarasinghe, Lahiru Udayanga, "Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections and Assessment of Deworming Program among Cattle and Buffaloes in Gampaha District, Sri Lanka", BioMed Research International, vol. 2018, Article ID 3048373, 10 pages, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3048373   

 

Figure 1: shows pigs that have died because of African swine fever (ASF). Image resource by Professional Pig Community, 2020.

 

African swine fever (ASF)

 

The causative agent of ASF is a unique, enveloped, cytoplasmic, double stranded DNA     which is the sole member of the family Asfarviridae. 

 

The first ASF fever was recorded in China. Then the disease has spreader multiple to Europe, African, the Caribbean and Asian countries. The countries involved are Timor-Leste, Mongolia, Vietnam, Cambodia, democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Myanmar, Philippines, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Republic of Korea, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, India, Bhutan, Malaysia, and Thailand.

 

-high Fever

-weak and poor appetite

-Red bruises on the skin or patches

-Diarrhea, vomiting

-cough

-Hard to breath

 

-No treatment or vaccine is available for this disease. The only way to stop the disease is to reduce the population of all groups of pigs affected or exposed to the disease.

-However, there are some actions that can be taken to prevent this febrile disease from spreading by doing in such a way. monitor pigs daily and immediately report any suspicious cases to a veterinarian. Next, avoid contact with wild pigs through safe farm boundaries or pig pens. isolate new pigs for at least 30 days and observe clinical signs. cleaning and disinfecting equipment, and materials with approved products.

 

Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations. (2022, March 31) ASF situation in Asia & Pacific update. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/ag/AGAInfo/programmes/en/empres/ASF/situation_update.html

National Hog Farmer. (2019, March 21) African swine fever: do you know the sign and symptoms? Retrieved from African swine fever: Do you know the signs and symptoms? | National Hog Farmer 

Professional Pig Community. (2020, July 28). What are the main challenges in eradicating ASF? Retrieved from https://www.pig333.com/latest_swine_news/what-are-the-main-challenges-in-eradicating-asf_16438/ 

World Organization For Animal Health. 2021. African swine fever:Prevention is essential. Retrieved from African swine fever - OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health

1. Colorado State University Extension. (2016, March 28). Pregnancy Toxemia (Ketosis) in Ewes and Does - 1.630 - Extension. Extension. https://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/agriculture/pregnancy-toxemia-ketosis-in-ewes-and-does-1-630/

2. Fthenakis, G. (2023, June 13). Pregnancy toxemia in sheep and goats - metabolic disorders. MSD Veterinary Manual. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/metabolic-disorders/hepatic-lipidosis/pregnancy-toxemia-in-sheep-and-goats

3. Ji, X., Liu, N., Wang, X., Ding, K., Huang, S., & Zhang, C. (2023). Pregnancy Toxemia in Ewes: A Review of Molecular Metabolic Mechanisms and Management Strategies. Metabolites, 13(2), 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13020149

4. Pregnancy toxaemia and hypocalcaemia of ewes. Agriculture and Food. (n.d.). https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/livestock-biosecurity/pregnancy-toxaemia-and-hypocalcaemia-ewes#:~:text=What%20is%20pregnancy%20toxaemia%20(twin,kidney%20failure%20and%20potentially%20death. 

TREATMENTS/PREVENTIONS - 
1) Vaccination : Immunisation against influenza viruses is a crucial prophylactic step. To be informed about public health recommendations for influenza vaccinations, though, is advised.

2) Hygiene practices : Good cleanliness habits can help lower the chance of contracting the swine flu. This entails routine handwashing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds or, in the absence of soap, the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Avoid touching your face, especially the areas around your mouth, nose, and eyes, as doing so can encourage the virus to enter your body.

3) Avoid close contact: Keep distance from pigs, especially if they are acting sick. Avoid close contact with people who appear to be sick as well, as swine influenza can occasionally spread from pigs to humans.

REFERENCES - 
Swine Influenza - Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis - MedBroadcast.com. (n.d.). Swine Influenza - Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis - MedBroadcast.Com. https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/swine-influenza

H1N1 flu (swine flu) - Symptoms and causes. (2023, March 23). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swine-flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20378103

Mena, I., Nelson, M. I., Quezada-Monroy, F., Dutta, J., Cortes-Fernández, R., Lara-Puente, J. H., Castro-Peralta, F., Cunha, L. F., Trovão, N. S., Lozano-Dubernard, B., Rambaut, A., Bakel, H. van & García-Sastre, A. (2016, June 28). Origins of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic in swine in Mexico. PubMed Central (PMC). https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16777

Causative agent -

Environmental factors: Prolonged exposure to certain environmental pollutants, such as dust, mold, and certain chemicals, has been proposed as a possible risk factor. Horses kept in environments with poor air quality or exposed to industrial pollutants may have an increased risk.

Genetic predisposition: Certain breeds or bloodlines may be more prone to developing lung tumors, although specific genetic markers have not been identified.

Where it occured -Pulmonary neoplasia, also known as lung cancer, can occur in horses. It is relatively rare in equines compared to other species. That disease it typically manifests as a solitary mass or multiple nodules in the lungs. The tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant tumors are more concerning as they have the potential to spread to other parts of the body.

Symptoms -

1.) Difficulty breathing: Horses with pulmonary neoplasia may experience shortness of breath, increased respiratory rate, or labored breathing. They may exhibit rapid shallow breathing or an increased effort to breathe.

2.)Exercise intolerance: Affected horses may exhibit a decreased tolerance for exercise. They may become easily fatigued or show a reduced performance level during physical activities.

3.) Weight loss: Unexplained weight loss can occur in horses with pulmonary neoplasia. Tumors can cause a decrease in appetite and difficulty with digestion, leading to gradual weight loss over time.

Treatment/prevention -
1.) Surgical removal may be attempted for localized tumors, but lung surgery in horses is challenging due to delicate lungs and potential complications. It is reserved for select cases.

2.) Chemotherapy : Chemotherapy is considered for malignant tumors with potential spread, but its efficacy in equine oncology is limited. It can slow tumor growth, reduce size, or alleviate symptoms, but the response to chemotherapy in horses can be variable.

3.)Palliative Care: Palliative care addresses advanced tumors and inability to treat curative treatment, focusing on managing symptoms and improving a horse's quality of life through pain management, respiratory support, and supportive therapies.