Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbm035

The author of this article is an academic at The New York School, New York, which illustrates to us that their work is going to be credible. Moreover, they have numerous publications in the field of economic geography, which not only shows their credibility as an author, but is relevant to our research question as it is a massive part of the changes to the fashion landscape as a result of globalisation. This article is relevant to us as it investigates how globalisation has impacted the company Zara's manufacturing model from solely local, to outsourcing globally. However, it can be argued that this article is not relevant as it was published in 2007, and so the data is not going to be current. On the other hand, the theory discussed in this study is applicable to other cases where globalisation has directly impacted a company, for example its effect on the companies supply chains. The article comes from a reliable journal which has 17 volumes published since 2001, which shows to us that the paper is accredited and reliable when researching the impacts of globalisation on the clothing industry. It can be argued that the article holds no bias or pretences about Zara, for the reason that instead of an analytical approach to the research, the author is observing the changes in the company as its outsourcing increases. The accuracy of the writing is made clear by the comprehensive points throughout, which are all backed by credible sources. While it could be argued that the purpose of this article is not relevant to us by now, it does give an in depth history of the retailer which is useful when looking at the long term effects of globalisation on the retail market.

http://www.dlyj.ac.cn/EN/10.11821/dlyj201312027

Throughout this article review, we will be evaluating multiple articles (collected through secondary research) as to their ability to help us review the impact of globalisation and internationalisation on the clothing industry. This will be done through the use of such methods like the CRAAP (Credibility, relevance, accuracy, authority and purpose) method in order to deduce, whether or not the various articles are able to be used within institutionalised academia.

Firstly, we will be looking at a research paper conducted by East China Normal University of Shanghai written by Wang Minfeng and Sun Ying where we can immediately see the fulfilment of the first criteria within CRAAP, where this is through the institution of which this came from as according to an online article  it regards the institution as being largely reputable throughout China; “East China Normal University has an excellent reputation in education, and its affiliated schools are also famous.” (Yuan Liu and Tingjie Ma, 3 August 2022, Strategies of top Chinese Universities) and that this did come from a professional institution with relevant sources within the paper being cited as further evidence, moreover, we can also see that it is not too out of date either because our source (dated as 2013) was only 10 years ago but that gap could possibly lead to a small degree of skeptisism. Furthermore, we can also deduce that the source is also relevant for use in academia, as it provides qualitative reasoning where Wang Minfeng and Sun Ying in their research paper titled Globalisation and the rise of China’s fashion consumer cities do heavily emphasize the importance of consumer spaces within the 2st century metropolis, as through the introduction of cooperation between brands and the in-depth urban planning of high end retail stores in major cities around the world, (largest cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Paris and London being referred to as type 1 cities and smaller cities being type 2, 3and 4) where many cities when expanding/redesigning certain areas aim to build their global image such as one of luxury by incorporating more ‘urban openness’ for the international branded stores (such as Lois Vuitton) where the stores may be built not being connected to other stores in order to build an image of ‘exclusivity’ (Wan Fen and Sun Ying, Dec 2013, 2.1 Globalisation and the rise of China’s fashion consumer cities), which result in fewer external barriers (such as accessibility and the further exclusivity of these shopping districts)  so that more consumers may reach a cities' flagship market area and thus invest money into the internationalised brands and further help build up the image of these cities as consumer cities as those with strong economies through the introduction of globalised clothing/fashion brand retailers (Wan Fen and Sun Ying, Dec 2013, 2.1 -2.3 Globalisation and the rise of China’s fashion consumer cities), Moreover, we can also see that the source is also extremely accurate as Wang Feng and Sun Ying does site multiple sources in order to accredit their statements throughout the paper, additionally, they also make use of several infographic maps in order to further illustrate their findings such as a map (figure 1)  illustrating the hierarchy of fashion consumption cities types 1 through 4. Furthermore, we can also see that the papers’ authority is also suitable for academic purposes as the authors to provide their affiliated academic institutions and that the paper is also featured on the China Editorial office of Geographical research which not only shows the authority of the paper but also further reinforces the reliability of the paper too as it is featured on a professional organisations’ website too. Moreover, we can also see the purpose within the paper as being clear within the paper as one of informative since because it’s a research paper, then its entire purpose is to inform the reader about the specified contents.

Credible-Lucy Daly, one of the writers of this article have eleven publications, and has been cited one thousand two hundred and twenty two times in the past. They referenced a lot of credible sources within the article and both Lucy Daly and Margaret Bruce are from the Manchester Business School, university. This review was published in 2011, this is still a current source. It brings to surface current issues the fashion industry is facing and different perspectives.

Reliable-I would say this is a reliable source because it has been peer reviewed by other academics and professionals. It has a professional tone throughout the paper. It looks at different perspectives of globalisation within the fashion industry and what type of effect it is having on people, nature, and the industry itself.

Authenticity-Margaret Bruce is a professor at the MBS( Manchester Business School) and Lucy Daly is a Director of Open Programmes at MBS. I have cross referenced their identity to the official MBS homepage and linkedin profiles. They both have official roles at Manchester university which shows they both have expertise in research.

Accuracy-I think that this journal article is accurate and topical. I would say this paper doesn't have a particular bias, their research is supported by credible evidence. They look at fast fashion and leave no room for their own opinion but rather project what others are saying within the field. The paper seems to illustrate that they conducted case studies, this would mean this article contains primary research as well as secondary. There is more room for error with primary research because you can't compare it to anything solid to identify if the statistics are correct etc...

Purpose- I would say the purpose of this article is to share credible information with other academics and to try and keep up to date with various topics such as the fashion industry. This is important for students because it allows them to use sources that are current and credible.

Margaret Bruce margaret.bruce@mbs.ac.uk & Lucy Daly (2011) Adding value: challenges for UK apparel supply chain management – a review, Production Planning & Control, 22:3, 210-220, DOI: 10.1080/09537287.2010.498574 [ Accessed 31 Oct. 2023]

Credible- Evan Davis is an English journalist... the guests that appeared on this video were Catarina Midby( sustainability manager) for H&M, Carol Kane( Co founder and joint CEO) of Boohoo, and lastly Kim Winser Founder and CEO of Winser London. This can be seen as credible insights into these businesses and how things actually work.

Notes on this video

Carol Kane... admits to Boohoo taking part in fast fashion producing clothes that are on the cheaper side. Seems to talk about this in a positive manner. She talks about how people wear outifts 3/4 times before having to get new outfits to go out. She explained that in the last three years they have chosen UK clothes manufacturers because it is faster and results in better pay for the employees making the clothes. The other 50% they still produce and manufacture their clothes in other countries around the world.

Caterina Midby... explains that H&M isn't necessarily focused on fast fashion but rather personal style and sustainability. Takes about a year to design new looks and get them online. A lot of people see H&M as fast fashion.Caterina explained how the leftover stock gets given to charity.

Kim Winser... Doesn't associate herself with fast fashion at all and rather focuses on personal unique fashion like H&M. She produces a higher quality range of clothing which she thinks sets her apart from fast fashion because people wouldn't be able to afford new clothes.

Reliable- the information provided was reasonable and by comparing this information to other sources, nothing seems to be false.

Authenticity-BBC is an authentic source however they have produced questionable information in the past.

Accuracy-This source has not been peer reviewed and a list of references were not supplied apart from the guests... this source may have different biases depending on the different business owners/ employees.

Purpose- to educate people about fast fashion and how globalisation plays a role in this. Globalisation allows business owners to cut costs and expand their business to different countries.

Harvard reference: www.bbc.co.uk. (n.d.). The Bottom Line - Fast Fashion - BBC Sounds. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/b06mts63 [Accessed 26 Oct. 2023]

Credible-Mckinsey & company is a retail company that released a report under their insights that is extremely relevant to the fashion industry and globilisation.This article was released on the 7th of February 2019, I find this to be useful and not outdated as it is only four years old.

Reliable- This is a recent report, the writer of this article have experience in the fashion industry.

Imran Amed-CEO and editor of "The Business of Fashion"

Anita Balchandani- Senior partner at Mckninsey and Company

Marco Beltrami- Attended Brown university and studied music

Achim Berg- Senior Partner at Mckinsey and Company

Saskia Hendrich- Senior expert and Mckinsey and Company

Felix Rolkens- A leader at the Mckinsey and Company

This article may have a certain bias because a lot of these people work for the company that have released the report.

Authenticity-This article was released by their official page and the company is a worldwide recognized firm. They are a management consultant firm, they were founded in 1962 by a man named James O. McKinsey. James was a professor at the University of Chicago.

Accuracy-The information provided by them seem to be accurate, obviously the statistics provided may be outdated by now due to this being published four years ago.

Purpose- To educate people about their business and what they do. This was a useful article in identifying external issues that were affecting the fashion industry such as Brexit etc...

Harvard reference:Amed, I., Balchandani, A., Beltrami, M., Berg, A., Hedrich, S. and Rölkens, F. (2019). The fashion market and ‘Trade 2.0’. [online] McKinsey & Company. Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/retail/our-insights/the-fashion-market-and-trade-2-0 [Accessed 3 Nov. 2023]

Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/19427786221120933

Firstly, it can immediately be argued that this article is credible because the author, who has a PhD from Durham University, has an extensive history of publications in this field of research. The author draws on credible sources to his discussion throughout the whole paper, implying that this field of research is his expertise. The author is based at the Universidad Nacional de San Martin, and although this article hasn't been funded directly by the university, it is published under the university's name, which shows that the university itself sees the article as correct and credible. The author has a comprehensive work history having worked at Argentina's Ministry of Labour, and as a consultant for the International Labour Organisation, which assures readers of the article that he not only has an academic knowledge in this field but professional knowledge. The article is newly published this year, containing up to date data analysis and current evidence on this theme, which strongly suggests that it is a credible article in this subject area. However, it could be argued that because the author has worked for the government that some bias could occur (for example a more pro-globalisation/international perspective on its impacts) but this wouldn't necessarily impact the accuracy of the research presented. It can be strongly argued that this article presents accurate and purposeful research, primarily because the author is approaching the subject from an insider perspective, discussing the relationship between globalisation growth in the fashion industry and the 2008 market crash ( and also its impacts on supply chains in the industry.) The intent of this article is an investigation of how globalisation has impacted the clothing industry, which is the same research question we're investigating in this task, showing how it is purposeful to us as researchers.

while im searching for articals that includes an information about my question, I have accroced this credible peaper, which has been one of the trusted articls i have founded in Google Scholar.

One of the authors of this article, Dr. Walter van Andel (1981), received his MBA from Western Illinois University after studying business and economics at Erasmus University Rotterdam. In addition, to the writer Annick Schramme is the academic director of Antwerp Management School's Knowledge Community Creative Industries. we can see that the booth authors have an Excellent background on business filed which means their articles can be trusted in universities.

Although the publication date of this article is unknown, it is still relevant today, particularly considering current perspectives on globalization and the fashion business. This may be considered one of the weaknesses of the paper.

The purpose: is an overview of the primary locations for both manufacturing and worldwide sales is provided, along with a description of the current status of globalization in the independent and high-end fashion business. This chapter also sheds light on the factors that encourage and hinder internationalization.

To sum up the main points in this article that are related to (how globalization and internationalization has affected the clothing industry).

Concentrating on business models and how internationalization affects them, the operational management of internationalization is explored, all of these are considered as strength of the paper.

 The paper discussed the global market at the beginning and mentioned the increase in international trade. China topped the list in 2011. In addition to the point of change in the global fashion cities, in 2012, the fashion capitals became London, New York, Paris, and Milan, and we conclude from this that fashion changed its direction from historical cities to financial ones. Furthermore, we note that each company's internationalization process is typically a slow one that involves several steps. One of the strategies mentioned is The Uppsala model which describe that Lack of knowledge is seen to be the primary contributing cause for example, business, institutional, internationalization knowledge. Another model is the born global “the entire world is a possible market rather than following a gradual interna process”. Lastly entry modes, which is the obstacles to overseas distribution and sales. One of the difficult obstacles to the internationalization of sales is the high costs, especially for beginners, as they need investments in time and spaces to display products. For example, fashion showrooms during fashion weeks are expensive, which makes their entry more difficult. from my point of view, the designer must focus on fashion business and develop alternative plans, whether for time or money, in order to be able to succeed in entering the global fashion market and benefit from the opportunities offered by globalization at the present time.

Secondly, we have another source titled ‘Globalization changes the face of textile, clothing and footwear industries’ which takes the form of a press release from a United Nations agency called the ‘International Labour Organization (ILO).  Immediately, we can already see that the source is credible for use within academia even knowing the source is from 1996 and may be considered out of date, this issue is rectified through the ILO being a reliable source since because it is a major organization within the UN and therefore would have no biases towards any topic, this is evidenced through external source from an annual speech from the secretary general Antonio Guterres where he states that the UN launched ‘Data Strategy for Action by Everyone, Everywhere’ will further the UN efforts for reliable and more resilient data (A. Guterres (2020), World Statistics day, UN Headquarters, New York, USA.) Moreover, we can also identify the next CRAAP factor ‘relevance’. This is evidenced through qualitative data provided by the ILO; It explains that as a result of globalisation, there has been a net global increase in employment and especially within the ‘informal’ employment sector in many developing countries (ILO/96/33, 28 October 1996), we can also see that there is evidence to reinforce not only this notion that more developing countries have seen a rise in informal employment, but also that it is accurate as well, this is because quantitative data is also provided where tells us that the PESTLE factors of economic and social factors are effected as a result of the globalisation of the clothing industry there has been a large percentage increase of TFC (Textile, Clothing and Footwear) workers and production output between the years of 1970 to 1990 in developing countries (figure 2 for illustrative purposes) such as Malaysia with a 597% increase, Bangladesh with a 416% increase, Sri Lanka with 385%, 334% in Indonesia, 271% in the Philippines and finally 137% increase of TFC workers in South Korea (ILO/96/33, 28 October 1996). Furthermore, we can also discuss the authority as being suitable for academic use because since this source comes in the form of a press release, then even though the name of the author(s) are unknown, the contact details of the author(s) being listed as ‘newsroom@ilo.org’ clearly imply that it was written by member(s) of the ILO who have strong connections to public relations, media and corresponding with external news agencies. Finally, we can also see that the entire purpose of the press release is to inform external news agencies such as the BBC, Financial Times of important/newsworthy events involving the ILO, this obviously shows that since the ILO is works closely with the UN, then they would be only releasing information that is reliable which of course proves its validity in the world of institutionalised academia.

Armitage, J. and Roberts, J. (2021). The Globalisation of Luxury Fashion: The Case of Gucci. Luxury, [online] 6(3), pp.1–20. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/20511817.2021.1897268 [Accessed 28 Oct. 2023].

‌This piece are credible because both authors has  academic qualifications, John Armitage holds the positions of Professor of Media Arts and Co-Director of the Winchester Luxury Research Group at the University of Southampton, UK's Winchester School of Art. And Joanne Roberts is a professor at the University of Southampton in the United Kingdom, where she also serves as the director of the Winchester Luxury Research Group and the Winchester School of Art.

This article credible because it is visually embodying the globalization of fashion, one of the strength that it corresponds to the current time because it was published two years ago, and therefore the information is more accurate and consistent with today’s globalization . And Gucci considered as a perfect example to to explain current globalization and its impact on fashion.

Here is some summary of the paper and an explanation of how this article relates to my question: by looking at the case of the Gucci brand. There was discussion on luxury fashion in general, and emphasis was placed on its globalization, "the meaning of the globalisation of luxury fashion is at once economic (luxury goods) and aesthetic (luxurious countenances, clothing, existences, accoutrements, and bodies)".

The globalization of Gucci began in the middle of the twentieth century, one of the most prominent manifestations of globalization in this Italian brand is the integration with luxury fashion brands that are geographically distant (e.g., Yves Saint Laurent Rive Gauche in 1997), Which affected the culture of France and Italy. Some of the signs of globalization and internationalization that appeared in Gucci are its arrival in the United States through the establishment of its offices (1953), The power of Gucci began to appear in its control over celebrities’ clothing by wearing expensive pieces decorated with the famous Gucci symbol (G). By examining the information mentioned in the paper, I noticed that Gucci today is no longer centered around Italy only, but rather about gathering alternative worlds that are not organized between cities or between countries, but between luxury brands. An aspect of electronic globalization that appeared in Gucci is digital initiatives based on social media, according to that in 2016 Gucci launched a do-it-yourself service that allows consumers to customize selected products. This service is enhanced by offering a 360-degree view of its consumers in real time. The strength of this article lies in highlighting the points of globalization that appeared with the famous fashion and clothing brand Gucci. But one of the weak points is that the paper did not contain the negative effects and threats to which Gucci is exposed due to current globalization.

Jain, M. (2017). Glocal Fashion: Impact of Globalization on Indian Garment and Textile Sector. CLEAR International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, [online] 8(9), pp.31–34. Available at: https://web.s.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=1d917a15-7803-47c9-84b7-d61b73d9ac1e%40redis&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=125346010&db=bth [Accessed 29 Oct. 2023].

The publisher of this article is an Indian political scientist and historian who served as an associate professor of history at Gargi College, Delhi. In 2014, she was nominated as a member of the Indian Council of Historical Research by the Government of India. Which indicates her knowledge of the economic world and her academic background in this field, for this publication to qualify for the credible classification.

This article was published in Google Scholar in 2017, which indicates the high reliability of its information due to the reliable sources used.

The purpose of the paper is to show the impact of globalization on the change in Indian clothing, The modern fashion scenario in India is greatly influenced by Western fashion. Creating fusion fashion clothing, this combination of international and local fashion is a result of internationalization and globalization.

Summarising the points mentioned in the article that are related to internationalisation and globalisation influencing clothing and fashion:

When global fashion becomes local it is called globalization, The Indian economy has an impact on the emergence of globalization and the textile industry in the 1990s, this resulted in an increase in Indian imports from abroad and keeping pace with the latest fashion and clothing trends. Globalization has also affected India's development negatively, Friedman (1999) defines healthy glocalization as “the ability of a culture, when it encounters other strong cultures, to absorb influences that naturally fit into and can enrich the culture, to resist those things that are truly alien, and to compartmentalize those things that, while different, can nevertheless be enjoyed and celebrated as different”.

It mentioned that the two most important factors affecting the Indian fashion industry are customer choices and the globalization of the Indian economy.

The article's strength is in the way it highlights how globalization has affected Indian fashion. Because of globalization, multinational corporations like Levi's and Pepe Jeans are now able to enter the Indian market, and it has been discussed that certain brands have been able to capitalize on the growing demand for denim. On the other hand, these foreign companies face competition from local companies such as (killer). Due to globalization, India was not only affected by changes in its fashion, but it also changed the world by wearing Indian clothes or the Indian character, whether in fabrics or models.

noted that not all external influences on clothing are acceptable to Indians. This is due to religious beliefs and some rituals, and this indicates that influences are more accepted in the modern environments of India.

Kittichai W. Elena K. Nancy N H. Raedene C. 2010  

The competitive position of Thailand's apparel industry: Challenges and opportunities for globalization available at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/13612021011081751/full/html 

This article is formulated by American university department employee's majority of North Carolina and published by a limited company, this would make the article authentic and reliable for its time. This article's accuracy is questionable as it is now 13 years out of date. However, this article is in depth for the time and can be useful for understanding modern articles on a similar subject.  

The article is not now current, when written it used sources and interviews that were between 1 and 9 years old which made it for its time informed and current this would mean for now it can be a useful tool for comparing how the clothing industry has developed grown and changed in 13 years. 

This article's purpose is to bring light to and assess the current position and plans for the Thai clothing industry and its global standing affects and so on, this article also assesses the liberalisation and amendments of textile policies of which it delivers on and is well informed and researched.  

This article does have a possibility of biases as it is an American source reviewing and commenting on the Thailand clothing industry, however the sources they have used and the fact they are representing a university of which is a source that should remain impartial and professional, with this considered I would give reasonable playability that they are credible, reliable and accurate as an article. 

Kasey 30115892 

book

Credible-This book was published in 2004, January the first. Whilst this book is 19 years old and can be seen as outdated it still holds relevance to this day especially regarding the views of globalisation and the fashion industry.

Reliable- publishers of this book are Bart De Schutter and Johan Pas... Bart De Schutter has many qualifications including a doctor in law and a masters in political and diplomatic sciences

Both publishers have credible qualifications within the field of business.

Authenticity- The publisher was ASP... this stands for academic and scientific publishers. ASP work with institutions and publish credible research from people within the university.

Accuracy-This book brings credible research and topics to surface. Their references listed are all credible and reputable, this shows that they have gathered relevant, qualitive information from various other sources whilst writing this book.

Purpose- This book shares various viewpoints on globalisation and is non biased. The purpose of this book is to educate students on globalisation and the different views surrounding this topic.

Harvard reference: De, SB, & Pas, J (eds) 2004, About Globalisation : Views on the Trajectory of Mondialisation: Based on the IES Lectures Series Spring 2003, ASP, Bruxelles. Available from: ProQuest Ebook Central. [3 November 2023].

Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2010.06.010

Immediately this article can be recognised as credible, because both authors have attained phD's and work as lecturers; Guercini at the University of Florence and Runfola the University of Perugia. This asserts to us that their research is corroborated by their employers; additionally both authors have extensive bodies of research in the field of marketing and business. The main issue raised with this article is that it was published in 2010, which would suggest that its currency is outdated. However, the research undertaken in the article is a substantial investigation into the inclinations of internationalisation on clothing industries, and so the data collated is valuable to researchers studying this. The research both authors have undertaken is thorough, for example not only looking at secondary research and analysing previous case studies, but collecting primary research through formal interviews. This suggests to us that, although the paper doesn't reflect the current politics of the international relationships of businesses globally expanding, the theory offered from the findings is important, and thus relevant. This theory includes specifically the principle of psychic distance and the roles that firms take on in order to internationally expand. It can be argued that this article provides reliable information on international business strategy as a result of the extensive research undertaken. The methodology of the article is what stands out, moreover the authors cite credible journals as they aim to answer their research questions, which supports this article being an accurate academic work of worth to us undertaking the theme of globalisation and internationalisation. It's clear that the authors hold no bias, because their findings are coming in part from managers and entrepreneurs in fashion corporations, thus the findings that have come from their research are originating straight from the source of the subject. The article concludes with a proposed model for business integration into international markets, and so the article is purposeful to fashion corporations who are attentive to this.

Ledezma, V. (2017). Globalization and Fashion: Too Fast, Too Furious. Laurier Undergraduate Journal of the Arts, [online] 4(9). Available at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=luja [Accessed 29 Oct. 2023].

This paper was published 6 years ago, it is credible because it includes valid sources from academic references, I got the journal from the reliable research website (Google Scholar).                                                                                                          

Was written by Victoria Ledezm, A writer from Wilfrid Laurier University, Canada, specializing in the arts, social sciences,business and economics. while there is no information about academic background for the author but since the item is published under the institution's name, it is evident that the university finds it to be accurate and reliable. ) The lack of sufficient information about the writer is classified as a weakness of the article(.

In this paper, the effects of globalization on the fast fashion industry's development are examined. Using an international assembly line, fast fashion has lowered prices and accelerated manufacturing to keep up with the quick emergence of new trends. Which makes these points the strength for this article.

This journal includes a definition of globalization, which is the economic and social process whereby global markets and cultures increasingly dominate local markets and cultures. Also, it discusses the influences that have appeared on the fashion industry due to fashion and as a result of globalization. One of the results of globalization is the emergence of fast fashion (It is the direct transfer of designs from fashion shows to boutique retailers),the advantage of this fashion is its low prices due to inexpensive manufacturing in addition, It allowed the fashion world to deal with rapid changes and market requirements. The article's strength lies in providing evidence of real-world fashion companies that exhibit fast fashion, Zara, H&M and Forever21 the embodiment of fast fashion in the United States. Globalization provided low labor and international markets to create a global assembly line and Zara is proof of this. It is true that globalization has contributed to the emergence of fast fashion to the world in a positive way, but it has a negative side, because of the large demand for fast fashion products, pressure is placed on manufacturing workers although they are deprived of their most prominent rights to complete the required work for a small wage. Moreover, despite textiles' detrimental carbon dioxide emissions to the environment, most fast fashion retailers utilize them because of their low cost. Chemicals and dyes are released into the water, harming the aquatic ecology.

Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/ed0c9a35-7616-4b02-ac59-aac0ac154324

The Financial Times is an internationally recognised newspaper, which most people would see as credible and accurate. Therefore, it can be presumed initially that the findings in this newspaper article, how the Chinese company Shein has developed on to the global clothing market, is going to be of worth to researchers in this field. The first author, Jonathon Eley, is a retail correspondent for the Financial Times, and the author Eleanor Olcott is an expert in Chinese technology, and so one could argue that their article is going to be credible for this topic. The article was published in 2021 at the height of Shein's notoriety, which supports the article in being relevant for this research theme. Likewise, the article is relevant to us as its analysis of Shein solely, offers us in-depth information into their international business strategy. From a globalisation perspective they have been able to gain capital rapidly by being able to avoid import taxes and have lower shipping rates as China is a "developing country" (Financial Times, 2021). In addition, they haven't attempted to internationalise the demand from their home country, but rather their model is driven solely by what customers abroad (United States, Europe) are demanding. Immediately here you can see that this newspaper article is relevant to the theme of globalisation and internationalisation as it answers the question of how a company like Shein has been able to expand on a global market. It can't be said that any newspaper is without bias, and it is possible for this article to have biases that a research journal wouldn't. However, what certifies this article is the current data provided from reliable sources like Earnest Research and Morgan Stanley, which aid the article in being reliable to us as researchers. The article does look at both the positive and negative strategies and effects of a global company like Shein, for example they're renowned for being able to strategise an exclusive supply-chain. On the other hand, they're infamous for their unethical working conditions and clothing pollution. The article does include commentary from an academic in consumer psychology from the University College London, which states a level of accuracy and assurance in what is being written. The article has purpose as it aims to create a picture of Shein's enigmatic globalisation strategy in the highly competitive world of fashion retail.

Credible-This piece was written by Roger T Bogg and he was a operations director at the textile institute. This was written in 1990 and so it is rather outdated but I still feel a lot of what he wrote is current to this particular time.

Reliable- The textile institute is seen as a reliable source and whilst he didn't write on their behalf, he still worked at the institute so I would say that this source is reliable. It can be argued that this source is difficult to use, it has little references. The newspaper that wrote this article is called "The Courier", this is a Scottish newspaper. This newspaper is published by DC Thompson in Dundee.

Authenticity-This newspaper article was uploaded to the British Newspaper Archives- It is relevant to our topic of research. This source is out of date, and does have a certain stance that is trying to market the textile institute to reading viewers.

Accuracy- I would say some of the information provided is accurate, but the statistics have changed. The institute has roughly 1500 members now not 8000. The British Newspaper Archive has thousands of newspaper articles that can be accessed for free that have been written by many people. Some of the information is incorrect and outdated so it is important to do your research on the company or person who has written it. I found with this article, it was written by a man that had experience in this field and worked at a worldwide recognized company.

Purpose- To acknowledge the change in the textile industry since globalisation has emerged. I think part of this article was to market the Textile Institute to try and get more people to join their membership.

Harvard reference: www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk. (n.d.). Register | British Newspaper Archive. [online] Available at: https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000564/19901119/171/0018 [Accessed 1 Nov. 2023].

Next, we also have another source in which we can argue whether or not it has a place within higher educational research and it comes in the form of another research paper titled ‘Textile and clothing industry innovation and internationalisation as success factors’ from a German investment banking company called ‘Deutsche Bank’, where we can already see reasoning for its credibility because since Deutsche Bank is a multi-national bank, it means that it is an extremely professional organization which therefore, only has professional employees within it. Additionally, on the paper it lists the contact details of the author and the editor of the paper too, this of course suggests that the paper was audited by a professional which therefore improves the credibility of the source. Furthermore, we can also deduct from this research paper that it is also relevant to the topic too as it also provides qualitative data about the internationalisation of the clothing industry; As a result of the internationalisation of the fashion industry, it has resulted in a massive change in structure for the clothing/fashion industry which would then go on to lead to large declines in employment rates within the fashion industry (Eric Heymann, July 13 2011, 1-2 Textile and the clothing industry, Deutsche Bank).. Moreover, we can also see that this source is also accurate enough for use within higher educational institutions as it also provides quantitative data, which serves to simply back up the qualitative data with it providing statistics such as Germany seeing a 70% decrease in output within the fashion/clothing industry (Eric Heymann, July 13 2011, 2-3 Textile and the clothing industry, Deutsche Bank). Next we can also look at the authority of the article as being one of suitability for research as not only are the authors’ contact details listed, but also all other people affiliated with the article too (such as the editor, managing director and technical assistant), furthermore, the authors’ email being eric.heymann@db.com shows that he is an accredited individual who is a professional on this topic as the db (standing for Deutsche Bank) e-mail domain shows he is a high ranking employee within the organisation which also conveniently further emphasizes this sources’ incredible credibility. And lastly we can clearly see that the source is fit for purpose because this research papers’ purpose is to inform the audience of the ‘current’ (2011) issues involving the German fashion/clothing industry which is further supported by the inclusion of several easily interpretable graphs (see figure 3) for further accessibility to a wider audience of not only experienced investors within the industry, but also research students from academia too!

This article's reliability can be tested as all its sources are referenced under neath it on the website of which there are 101 if they are to be checked they are from reliable sources and therefore this article should be viewed as such, the author for this article is also writing for a large corporation that writes reports and therefore a reliable corporation to be writing such an article.  

It is an authentic article for the same reasons as the article's reliability in the fact that it was produced by a large firm this authenticity will further make it a source for good Indepth information about its subject topic of globalization and workers in developing countries. 

This article is accurate as it uses an extensive and broad range of research references from many different regions and backgrounds all of which are credible to a degree which are noted but also linked so are too able to be factually checked for accuracy. 

The purpose of this article is to inform and research the effects of globalization on workers in developing countries both positively and negatively and to do this it will Analyse and review other articles and sources on the subject topic both to condense and understand. 

In conclusion this article other than it being from 2016 is accurate reliable and has a reasonable purpose making it useful for researching globalization's effects on workers in developing countries. 

Kasey Jones 30115892

Lois L. 2008 The Moving Frontier: The Changing Geography of Production in Labour-Intensive Industries page 149 available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=7zj3DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT171&dq=internationalisation+of+clothing+industry&ots=GuyK53oak7&sig=1P7J-8_J2PLB9r8KIdSSUsLGe8Y&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 

The reliability of this source can be brought into question as it was first published in 2008 making it an older source and not up to date to modern economics and markets therefore it cannot be fully reliable for assessing modern day internationalization of the labour driven clothing industry however to be used as a comparison this is ideal as it gives insight into years previous.  

This articles accuracy is however fine as the author is Routledge reveals which authors comprehensive articles on select topics within depth research into them making it accurate and reliable to write a study on internationalization of labour-intensive industries furthermore, they are an established publisher, and this makes them credible. 

The purpose of this article is to provide insight into the labour_intensive clothing industry and the effects internationalization has upon it in the long term, such as extra stress and alienation of the workers from the business, with the purpose of informing and spreading awareness without hidden agendas this should make the source reliable and accurate. 

Overall, this source is not reliable for the fact it is severely out of date however, this can be used as a reference for previous years information on the topic of internationalization for the clothing industry as whole and the workers in labour-intensive jobs effected by its growth, additionally this article provides key information from both its time and as early as 1990 so has a broad range of sources backing itself. 

Kasey Jones 30115892

The date of this source is a major drawback for its source as it was published in 2007 making it less reliable as a modern source however can still provide useful information and insight for the modern day, as it was still written and published by an unbiased source and holds key information about positives and negatives that globalisation has on local communities.  

The accuracy of the journal can be checked, as it has been cross referenced twice before by other credible sources in the economics it can be safe to say that this article holds correct unbiased opinions assuming those who cross referenced the journal are not biased themselves. Additionally, this journal is accurate as the sources referenced by it are credible and are written within a reasonable time from of this to hold accurate information about the period of which written.  

The purpose of this journal is brought to light the effects of globalisation on the communities both original corporation locations and the locations in other countries they migrate too, both on work and on other companies in the area, the creation of a monopoly and much further. This informs and breaks down the further effects in the long term and whether it is healthy for a community as a whole, now this article is older it is possible to see if it was accurate and true what its projections are for the future and further use it as a reference.  

Kasey Jones 30115892