At the end of this module, you are expected to answer the following key questions below and use the learning competencies as study guide:

1.       How is electricity related to magnetism?

2.       How does electricity produce magnetism?

3.       How does magnetism produce electricity?

4.       How does an electric motor work?

5.       How does an electric generator work?

6.       What is electromagnetic induction?

 People readily adopt emerging technologies. The use of audiovisual (AV) works be it in film productions, in business displays, or perhaps in education innovations became a trend and it is here to stay. Examples abound like our growing love for the high-quality audiovisual components we listen to and watch or the endeavor of school stakeholders to provide projection technology in every classroom.

 The rise of it all AV production, recording, and storing technology and industries were made possible because of the discovery of the link between electricity and magnetism. How does one begin to understand this partnership?

 WHAT IS ELECTRICITY?

 Electricity will flow through anything if its composition allows electrons to pass through it quickly." Metals, such as copper, have "free" electrons that are not closely bound to their parent atoms. These electrons freely migrate around the copper system, allowing an electric current to flow. The electrons are more closely wrapped in rubber. Since there are no "free" electrons, electricity does not pass-through rubber at all. Conductors with high conductance and low resistance are said to have a high conductance and a low resistance; insulators with a low conductance and a high resistance are the same (Woodford, 2016).

1. Electricity is a type of energy that involves electron movement.
2. It can be seen in both positive and negative ways that naturally occur.
3. Electricity is a current that is generated as electrical and magnetic forces that transfer electron from one atom to another.
4. It is also the movement of electrical power or charge that often referred to as a current.

 
The electricity that we're using is called the secondary energy source because it cannot be purchased as a ready-made and must be produced using primary energy sources including wind, sunlight, coal, natural gas, nuclear fission reactions and hydropower.

Both atom's electrons and protons have a property known as an electric charge. Electrons are negatively charged, while protons are positively charged. These charges are either attracted to or repellent to one another. Charges that are unlike (opposite) each other draw, whereas charges that are similar repel. The power they use to do this is known as electricity.

Electricity happens in two forms: electric current, which occurs as electric charges travel through wires in a circuit, and static electricity occurs when electric charges do not shift. Most materials are usually neutral (have no charge). However, if a substance lacks or gains a significant number of electrons, it becomes filled with static electricity

.HOW DO MATERIALS BECOME CHARGED? 

Static electricity may be produced in materials by INDUCTION or friction. Friction moves electrons from one material to the other as two materials brush together. It results in one substance having a negative charge and the other having a positive charge. When a nylon comb is drawn through the hair, it acquires a negative charge.

ELECTROSTATIC INDUCTION

The mechanism by which a charged object will charge another object without touching it is electric induction. A charged nylon comb, for example, can draw paper scraps even though the scraps themselves are not charged.

When the comb is brought close to the surface, the comb's negative charge attracts electrons in the paper to the side farthest away from the comb. It results in a positive charge (fewer electrons) on the paper's side that faces the comb. Since positive and negative attract, the paper is drawn toward the comb. 

The tendency to attract is known as magnetism.

1. It can refer to the attraction to iron and other metals in electric currents and magnets.
2. It also refers to the other kind of attraction — where people prefer to be close to each other.
3. Magnetism is the force of magnets as they attract or repel one another.
4. Magnetism results from the movement of electrical charges.
5. Magnetism is often referred to as a magnetic force or magnetic attraction.

 
Each substance consists of tiny units referred to as atoms. Each atom possesses electrons, particles bearing electrical charges. Spinning like tops, the electrons circle the nucleus, or core, of an atom. Their motion generates an electrical current and makes every electron act as a microscopic magnet. All magnets have northern and southern poles. The opposing poles are drawn towards each other, while the same poles repel each other. When you rub a piece of iron along a magnet, the north-seeking poles of the atoms in the iron line up in the same direction. The force that the aligned atoms produce creates a magnetic field. That piece of iron turned into a magnet.

Magnetism is a phenomenon associated with magnetic fields that form due to the motion of electric charges. This movement can take many different forms. That may be an electric current in a conductor, charged particles in a vacuum, or the passage of an electron in an atomic orbital. Magnetism is also synonymous with elementary particles with a property known as spin, such as the electron.

Magnetism is an unseen phenomenon that absorbs and repels such components as iron and steel but not plastic and silver. The atoms in a magnetic medium align in groups or areas known as MAGNETIC DOMAINS.

WHAT EXACTLY ARE MAGNETIC POLES? 

Every magnet has a magnetic pole to the north and a magnetic pole to the south. These are the areas of the most significant magnetic energy. According to magnetism's laws, like (same) poles repel each other, while unlike (opposite) poles attract each other.

Are the elements magnesium, nickel, and cobalt magnetic? They are susceptible to being magnetized by another magnet. However, in the pure state, they are readily demagnetized by heat or hammering. Permanent magnets are created by combining these elements with others, such as steel (iron and carbon).

Earth's core acts as a giant magnet with a vast MAGNETIC FIELD. The northern end of a magnetic compass needle still points to Earth's north magnetic pole. Its opposite (southern) end is still pointed south.

MAGNETIC DOMAINS

Per atom in iron is a tiny permanent magnet. These tiny magnets congregate in magnetic regions known as domains; if the north-south magnetic poles of these regions both point in opposite directions, their magnetism cancels out.

WHAT MAKES A PERMANENT MAGNET?

Since the magnetic poles of the spheres of a permanent magnet point in the same direction, their magnetic fields complement one another. Magnetic materials can be magnetized by stroking them with a magnet in order to align the domains. Heat or hammering causes the domains to move out of position, and the object loses its magnetism.

MAGNETIC POWER

When not in use, put a keeper between the poles of a magnet to keep it solid. A keeper is a soft iron piece. The poles draw the keeper, who holds the realms of the poles pointed in the same direction.

MAGNETIC FIELD

A magnet exerts a torque on the environment surrounding it. The magnetic field is the region in which the power acts. A magnetic field can be visualized as lines of energy radiating from the magnet's poles.

HOW CAN A MAGNETIC FIELD BE SEEN?

If iron filings are scattered around a magnet, they can align along the magnetic field's force lines. The filings often create a pattern of lines of force looping outward between the magnets' north and south poles. When you move away from the magnet, the magnetic field weakens.

Iron filings can be used to demonstrate the repulsion of two like poles and the attraction of two unlike poles.

Fundamentally, magnetism and electricity are two embodiments of the same force, electromagnetism. In reality, though, they function differently. Magnetism is a phenomenon that can assist in the production of energy. As magnets are wrapped around wires, charged particles pass into them. An electric current is produced as a result of this operation. The current is carried to homes and businesses by other wires. Meanwhile, magnetic fields can be created by electricity. A magnetic field is created when a wire is wrapped around a piece of metal and an electric current is passed through it. The area vanishes when the power is turned off. About the fact that electricity and magnetism are all facets of the same energy, they are not the same thing.

Electricity and magnetism are inextricably linked: power lines emit a magnetic field, while spinning magnets in a generator create electricity. However, since the electrical and magnetic properties of such materials are both coupled, the phenomenon is even more complex. Magnetic fields can affect the electrical properties of certain crystals, and vice versa.

Magnets' properties are used to generate energy. Electrons are pulled and pushed by moving magnetic fields. Electrons of metals like copper and aluminum are strewn everywhere. When you move a magnet around a coil of wire, or a coil of wire around a magnet, the electrons in the wire are pushed out and an electrical current is created.

Each electron is surrounded by an electric field, which is a force. As an electron travels, it generates a magnetic field. As electrons pass through a current through a conductor, such as a block of metal or a coil of wire, the conductor transforms into a temporary magnet - an electromagnet.

 
Magnetic fields are generated by magnets, which can be used to generate electricity in various ways. A generator converts motion into energy by the use of a magnetic field. In a wire moving through a magnetic field, current can be formed. A spinning electric generator may have magnets mounted in various locations and produce electricity in various ways, depending on the type of magnet used. The majority of electricity is produced by generators that use magnetic fields to do so.

Nothing occurs when a coil of wire is positioned around a magnet with an unchanging magnetic field. However, whenever the magnetic field is altered by rotating the magnet back and forth or turning the wire, the resulting electric current flows through it.

When a current flow through a conductor, it converts it into an electromagnet. When the current is reversed, the electromagnetic poles reverse as well. The two sets of poles repel and draw each other as the electromagnet is positioned near a fixed magnet. It generates a force that causes the conductor to rotate (spin) at a high rate. It also causes a shaft to spin and then powers a machine.

Generators generate the majority of the electricity we use. They convert mechanical (movement) energy into electrical energy. A coil of wire is spun within a generator inside a strong magnetic field. It causes an electric current to flow through the cable. A large generator will generate enough power to power an entire city.

Electric motors are devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy in order to perform tasks. Electric motors may be small, such as the one that spins the fan in a hairdryer, or large, such as the engine that powers a train.

When a current flow through a conductor, it converts it into an electromagnet. When the current is reversed, the electromagnetic poles reverse as well. The two sets of poles repel and draw each other as the electromagnet is positioned near a fixed magnet. It generates a force that causes the conductor to rotate (spin) at a high rate. It causes a shaft to spin and then powers a machine