Academic period. 16-01 2025 by Yaridis Santiago

What is phonology?

yaridissantiago110_ — 2025-05-16 20:56:02 UTC

It is the study of how sounds are organized and used in a language.

What is phonetics?

yaridissantiago110_ — 2025-05-16 21:04:23 UTC

Phonetics is the branch of linguistics that studies speech sounds, their production, transmission and perception.

Places of articulation

yaridissantiago110_ — 2025-05-16 21:13:24 UTC

bilabial
labiodental
dental
alveola
postalveolar
palatoalveolar
palatal
velar
glottic
retroflex

Articulators

yaridissantiago110_ — 2025-05-16 21:25:11 UTC

Tongue
Hard palate
Soft palate
Upper lip
Lower lip
Upper teeth
Uvula
Pharynx wall
Glottis

Voiced sounds

yaridissantiago110_ — 2025-05-16 21:43:18 UTC

They are produced by the vibration of the vocal cords when letters are pronounced.

Voiced: /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/, /z/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /r/, /w/, /y/

Unvoiced sounds

yaridissantiago110_ — 2025-05-16 21:43:50 UTC

They are produced without that vibration when pronouncing the letter

unvoiced: /p/, /t/, /k/, /s/, /f/, /θ/, /ʃ/, /h/, /ŋ/

Key Differences

yaridissantiago110_ — 2025-05-16 21:57:55 UTC

Vocal Cord Vibration: The fundamental difference is the vibration of the vocal cords during sound production.
Position of the Tongue, Lips, and Teeth: Some voiced and voiceless sounds are produced in the same articulation position, but the vibration of the vocal cords changes the sound.
Pronunciation Rules: The distinction between voiced and voiceless sounds is useful for understanding pronunciation rules such as the pronunciation of "s" at the end of words or the pronunciation of "ed" in regular verbs.

Content word

yaridissantiago110_ — 2025-05-16 22:11:00 UTC

A word has a specific meaning and contributes to the main message of a sentence. These are translatable words that are not purely structural. They generally include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.

for example:

The cat sat on the mat.
She quickly ate the delicious cake.

Content words, unlike function words (such as prepositions, articles, or pronouns), are usually those that receive the most emphasis or stress in spoken pronunciation.

Fuction word

yaridissantiago110_ — 2025-05-16 22:25:03 UTC

Refers to a word that has a grammatical function in a sentence, such as connecting words or forming structures. These words typically have little or no meaning in and of themselves, but are essential to the grammar and structure of the sentence.

for example:

She is reading a book.
they have been working hard.

Rising intonation

yaridissantiago110_ — 2025-05-16 22:40:45 UTC

Rising intonation is when the pitch of the voice rises at the end of a phrase or sentence, indicating a question or an expression of uncertainty. It's used for questions that require a yes or no answer, or to ask for confirmation or clarification.

for example:

You´re coming?
It´s a beautiful day, isn´t it?

Falling intonation

yaridissantiago110_ — 2025-05-16 22:43:47 UTC

Falling intonation is characterized by the lowering of the voice's pitch at the end of a sentence or word. It's very common in statements, informational questions (such as "What...?" or "Where...?"), and commands. It's used to indicate that a sentence has ended and that the thought is complete.

for example:

I am going to the store.

(I'm making a statement, not a question. The voice lowers at the end to indicate that the statement is over.)

what is your name?

(Information question. The tone drops at the end to indicate that the question is over.)

Task 3. vowels sound

yaridissantiago110_ — 2025-05-16 22:55:41 UTC

task 4. Reading and pronunciation

yaridissantiago110_ — 2025-05-16 23:00:53 UTC

Task 1. phonetics and phonology

yaridissantiago110_ — 2025-05-19 20:42:35 UTC