Chapter 2.1 and 2.2 by Kristin Martens

Polarity

19martkri — 2017-01-30 17:45:52 UTC

Polarity is when part of the molecule attracts electrons more strongly than the other part. In water, the oxygen attracts electrons more strongly than the hydrogen, giving the oxygen part a partially negative charge and the hydrogen part a partially positive charge.

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

19teicgre — 2017-01-30 17:46:02 UTC

Protons, neutrons, and electrons are subatomic particles that make up an atom. The protons and neutrons make up the nucleus, and the electrons orbit the nucleus.

Cohesion and Adhesion

19martkri — 2017-01-30 17:50:53 UTC

Cohesion is the attraction between the same molecules, which sometimes causes water droplets to form. Adhesion is the attraction between different molecules. This can be seen when water sticks to the side of a glass.

Atomic and Mass number

19teicgre — 2017-01-30 17:51:32 UTC

The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus, while the atomic number is only the number of protons in the nucleus

Heat Capacity

19martkri — 2017-01-30 17:53:46 UTC

This is the amount of heat energy needed to raise its temperature. For example, in the ocean the heat capacity is very high because it is so large.

Isotopes

19teicgre — 2017-01-30 17:56:46 UTC

two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons, but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, meaning they have different atomic mass, but they still have the same chemical properties. Isotopes can also be radioactive

Solutions and Suspensions

19martkri — 2017-01-30 17:57:29 UTC

A solution is when all components are distributed evenly. Saltwater is an example of a solution where salt is the solvent and water is the solute. In a suspension, some materials separate into small enough pieces where it can not dissolve completely. The small particles are then suspended.

Buffers

19martkri — 2017-01-30 18:03:02 UTC

Buffers are weak acids or bases that react with strong acids or bases to provide a sharp change in its pH level. For example, bicarbonate and phosphate ions can be used as buffers to help keep blood close to 7.4.

Acids and Bases

19martkri — 2017-01-30 18:08:15 UTC

Acids have a pH level of <7 and form H+ ions in a solution, thus making them have more hydrogen ions than water. A common example is hydrochloric acid which help the stomach digest food. Bases, or alkaline, have a pH of >7 and form OH- ions in a solution. They have more hydroxide ions than water.

Chemical Compounds and bonds

19teicgre — 2017-01-30 18:11:40 UTC

A chemical compound is a thing that is composed of two or more separate elements, which is also known as a mixture. A chemical bond is a mutual attraction between two atoms resulting from a redistribution of their outer electrons.

Hydrogen Bonding

19martkri — 2017-01-30 18:18:47 UTC

A hydrogen bond is the attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partially positive charge and a different atom with a partially negative charge. They are not as strong as ionic or covalent bonds, but they do hold atoms together. Because water is a polar molecule, it can form hydrogen bonds. This is why water has many special properties.

Van der Walls forces

19teicgre — 2017-01-30 18:22:35 UTC

Van der Walls forces are weak, short-range electrostatic attractive forces that occur between uncharged molecules, and they do not appear in ionic or covalent bonds.