–Concerned with improving the performance of individual workers

•Administrative management 

–Focuses on managing the total organization

–Provides many management techniques and approaches that are still relevant today

–Focused attention on management as a meaningful field of study
•Limitations

–More appropriate for use in stable, simple organizations rather than the changing and complex organizations of today

–Slighted the role of the individual in organizations

–The importance of behavioral process are more likely to be recognized by managers.

-Managers are more likely to view employees as valuable resources instead of mere tools
•Limitations

–The complexity of individuals makes behavior difficult to predict.

–It is not always accepted or understood by practicing managers.

–Operations management

–Provides managers with an abundance of decision-making tools and techniques

–Increased understanding of overall organizational processes
•Limitations

–Cannot fully account for individual behaviors and attitudes

–Competence needed many retard the development of other managerial skills

–Typically require a set of assumptions that may not be realistic