Chain of Infection by Amber Kenny https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14 Principles of Epidemiology & Biostatistics #1 en-us 2025-05-21 12:41:55 UTC 2025-05-21 15:13:03 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/8.0/png/1f30d.png Malaria amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461258766 2025-05-21 12:45:47 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461258766 Infectious Agent amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461266750 Plasmodium (single-cell parasites)

  • P. falciparum

  • P. vivax

  • P. ovale

  • P. malariae

]]> 2025-05-21 12:51:47 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461266750 Reservoir amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461272541 Humans

]]> 2025-05-21 12:55:54 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461272541 Portal of Exit amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461279557 During mosquito bite: Infected blood -> mosquito


Less common portals of exit:

  • blood transfusions

  • organ transplants

  • syringes

  • congenital

]]> 2025-05-21 13:00:34 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461279557 Vector (Mode of Transmission) amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461284683 Vector: female Anopholes mosquito

]]> 2025-05-21 13:03:53 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461284683 Portal of Entry amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461288181 Infected mosquito bites human, parasite delivered via mosquito saliva

]]> 2025-05-21 13:06:26 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461288181 Susceptible Hosts amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461297492

  • Non-immune people (no congenital or acquired immunity through prior exposure to Plasmodium)

  • Infants

  • Children under 5

  • Pregnant women

  • People with HIV/AIDS

    • ]]>     2025-05-21 13:13:00 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461297492     Prevention amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461300974

  • Travellers: anti-malarial tablets (e.g. atovaquone/proguanil, chloroquine, doxycycline, mefloquine) 

    • ]]>     2025-05-21 13:15:26 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461300974     Prevention amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461306125

  • Mosquito nets

  • Mosquito repellent with DEET (diethyltoluamide) on exposed skin

  • screens over windows & doors

  • Treat fabrics with permethrin

    • ]]>     2025-05-21 13:18:50 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461306125     Prevention amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461310134

  • Insecticides

  • Reducing standing water (mosquito breeding area), e.g. flowerpots, birdbaths

    • ]]>     2025-05-21 13:21:27 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461310134     HIV amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461319912 2025-05-21 13:27:45 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461319912 Infectious Agent amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461328447 Human Immunodeficiency Virus

    ]]>     2025-05-21 13:33:30 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461328447     Reservoir amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461335628 Humans

    ]]>     2025-05-21 13:38:04 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461335628     Portal of Exit amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461335939 Body fluids

    • blood

    • semen

    • vaginal fluids

    • rectal fluids

    • breast milk

    Airborne, short-distance

    ]]>     2025-05-21 13:38:16 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461335939     Mode of Transmission amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461345471

  • sexual contact

  • needle sharing (/needle stick injury)

  • pregnancy (mother -> child)

  • labour

  • breastfeeding

  • blood transfusions 

    • ]]>     2025-05-21 13:44:04 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461345471     Portal of Entry amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461349675

  • mucous membranes (vagina, rectum, penis, mouth)

  • blood contact (cuts or wounds)

    • ]]>     2025-05-21 13:46:34 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461349675     Susceptible Hosts amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461354888 People not already infected with HIV

    Increased risk in people who:

    • have unprotected sex

    • use injected drugs

    • have other STI's (especially if they have ulcers/sores)

    ]]>     2025-05-21 13:49:33 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461354888     Prevention amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461362762 Antiretroviral therapy (ART)

    • Infected patients take a combination of drugs to prevent the virus replicating in their body

    • can reduce viral load to undetectable levels, reducing risk of transmission

    ]]>     2025-05-21 13:54:00 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461362762     Prevention amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461372331

  • Condom use 

  • Safe injection practices

  • Blood donor screening 

    • ]]>     2025-05-21 14:00:07 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461372331     COVID-19 amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461383259 2025-05-21 14:07:13 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461383259 Infectious Agent amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461385814 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

    ]]>     2025-05-21 14:08:52 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461385814     Reservoir amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461389646 Bats (?)


    Von Borowski R.G., Trentin D.S. (2021). Biofilms and Coronavirus Reservoirs: a Perspective Review. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 87:e00859-21. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00859-21 [Accessed 21/05/2025]

    ]]>     2025-05-21 14:10:53 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461389646     Portal of Exit amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461421782 Respiratory system fluids

    • Saliva

    • Mucus

    • Aerosol: coughing, sneezing

    Airborne, short-distance

    ]]>     2025-05-21 14:31:07 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461421782     Mode of Transmission amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461428571 Direct

    • Spray by infected body fluids (sneeze/cough)

    • Contact with infected person (e.g. handshake)

    • Touching face with unwashed hands

    Indirect

    • contaminated surfaces

    ]]>     2025-05-21 14:35:31 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461428571     Portal of Entry amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461433793 Respiratory system

    ]]>     2025-05-21 14:39:00 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461433793     Susceptible Hosts amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461435236 Increased risk in people who:

    • are not vaccinated

    • age 65+

    • age <6 months (ineligible for vaccine)

    • have pre-existing immunocompromising illness

    ]]>     2025-05-21 14:40:03 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461435236     Prevention amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461442796 Habitat preservation (reduce interaction with humans)

    ]]>     2025-05-21 14:45:24 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461442796     Prevention amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461443798

  • face coverings (face masks)

  • isolation of infected patients

  • face-covering etiquette (covering sneeze with hands)

    • ]]>     2025-05-21 14:46:13 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461443798     Prevention amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461447083

  • Hand washing

  • Surface disinfection

  • PPE for healthcare workers (gloves, face mask)

  • Increasing distance between individuals

    • ]]>     2025-05-21 14:48:51 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461447083     Prevention amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461450675 Vaccination

    ]]>     2025-05-21 14:51:27 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461450675     Dengue amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461455577 2025-05-21 14:54:38 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461455577 Infectious Agent amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461459117 Flavivirus, four serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4.

    ]]>     2025-05-21 14:57:13 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461459117     Reservoir amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461460335 Humans

    ]]>     2025-05-21 14:58:14 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461460335     Portal of Exit amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461462144 During mosquito bite: Infected blood -> mosquito


    Less common portals of exit:

    • blood transfusions

    • organ transplants

    • syringes

    • congenital

    ]]>     2025-05-21 14:59:25 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461462144     Vector (Mode of Transmission) amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461462544 Vector: Aedes aegypti (Yellow fever mosquito) and Aedes albopictus (asian tiger mosquito)

    ]]>     2025-05-21 14:59:42 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461462544     Portal of Entry amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461467307 Infected mosquito bites human, parasite delivered via mosquito saliva

    ]]>     2025-05-21 15:03:28 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461467307     Susceptible Hosts amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461468640

  • Non-immune people (lifelong immunity against specific virus serotype (e.g. DENV-1) through prior infection)

  • Infants

  • Children under 5

  • Elderly

    • ]]>     2025-05-21 15:04:24 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461468640     Prevention amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461475823

  • Insecticides

  • Reducing standing water (mosquito breeding area), e.g. flowerpots, birdbaths

    • ]]>     2025-05-21 15:10:03 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461475823     Prevention amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461476514

  • Mosquito nets

  • Mosquito repellent with DEET (diethyltoluamide) on exposed skin

  • screens over windows & doors

  • Treat fabrics with permethrin

    • ]]>     2025-05-21 15:10:35 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461476514     Prevention amberkenny10 https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461477017 Vaccination

    ]]>     2025-05-21 15:10:59 UTC https://padlet.com/amberkenny10/d5cs8wt6flwvwc14/wish/3461477017