A combination of C/N ratios, δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values in suspended matter was used to examine the seasonal (late summer 2004 and spring 2005) relationship with hydrological characteristics of the River Sava watershed in Slovenia. The values of C/N ratios range from 1.2 to 19.1, δ¹³C values range from−29.2 to−23.0 ‰ and δ¹⁵N values from 0.5 to 16.7 ‰ and indicate that the samples are a mixture of two end members: modern soils and plant litter. A simple mixing model was used to indicate that soil organic carbon prevails over plant litter and contributes more than 50% of suspended material. The calculated annual particulate organic carbon flux is estimated as 5.2×10¹⁰ g C/year, the annual particulate nitrogen flux 8.5×10⁹ g N/year and the total suspended solid flux is estimated to be 1.3×10¹² g/year. Anthropogenic impact was detected only in a tributary stream of the River Sava, which is located in an agriculture–industrial area and is reflected in higher δ¹⁵N values in suspended matter and high nitrate concentrations in the late summer season.

Keywords: C/N ratios, Carbon-13, Fluxes, Nitrogen-15, River ecosystem, Suspended matter 

 

A method in object-oriented programming (OOP) is a procedure associated with a message and an object. An object is mostly made up of data and behavior, which form the interface that an object presents to the outside world. Data is represented as properties of the object and behavior as methods. For example, a Window object would have methods such as open and close, while its state (whether it is opened or closed) would be a property.

In class-based programming, methods are defined in a class, and objects are instances of a given class. One of the most important capabilities that a method provides is method overriding. The same name (e.g., area) can be used for multiple different kinds of classes. This allows the sending objects to invoke behaviors and to delegate the implementation of those behaviors to the receiving object. A method in Java programming sets the behavior of a class object. For example, an object can send an area message to another object and the appropriate formula is invoked whether the receiving object is a rectangle, circle, triangle, etc.

Methods also provide the interface that other classes use to access and modify the data properties of an object. This is known as encapsulation. Encapsulation and overriding are the two primary distinguishing features between methods and procedure calls.^[1]

 

A spreadsheet is an interactive computer application for organization, analysis and storage of data in tabular form.^[1][2][3] Spreadsheets are developed as computerized simulations of paper accounting worksheets.^[4] The program operates on data entered in cells of a table. Each cell may contain either numeric or text data, or the results of formulas that automatically calculate and display a value based on the contents of other cells. A spreadsheet may also refer to one such electronic document.^[5][6][7]

Spreadsheet users can adjust any stored value and observe the effects on calculated values. This makes the spreadsheet useful for "what-if" analysis since many cases can be rapidly investigated without manual recalculation. Modern spreadsheet software can have multiple interacting sheets, and can display data either as text and numerals, or in graphical form.

Besides performing basic arithmetic and mathematical functions, modern spreadsheets provide built-in functions for common financial and statistical operations. Such calculations as net present value or standard deviation can be applied to tabular data with a pre-programmed function in a formula. Spreadsheet programs also provide conditional expressions, functions to convert between text and numbers, and functions that operate on strings of text.

Spreadsheets have replaced paper-based systems throughout the business world. Although they were first developed for accounting or bookkeeping tasks, they now are used extensively in any context where tabular lists are built, sorted, and shared.

LANPAR, available in 1969,^[8] was the first electronic spreadsheet on mainframe and time sharing computers. LANPAR was an acronym: LANguage for Programming Arrays at Random.^[8]VisiCalc was the first electronic spreadsheet on a microcomputer,^[9] and it helped turn the Apple II computer into a popular and widely used system. Lotus 1-2-3 was the leading spreadsheet when DOS was the dominant operating system.^[10] Excel now has the largest market share on the Windows and Macintosh platforms.^[11][12][13] A spreadsheet program is a standard feature of an office productivity suite; since the advent of web apps, office suites now also exist in web app form. Web based spreadsheets, such as Microsoft Excel Online or Google Sheets are a relatively new category. 

Alternatively referred to as a worksheet, a spreadsheet is a file made of rows and columns that help sort data, arrange data easily, and calculate numerical data. What makes a spreadsheet software program unique is its ability to calculate values using mathematical formulas and the data in cells. A good example of how a spreadsheet may be utilized is creating an overview of your bank's balance. Below is a basic example of what a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet looks like, as well as all the important features of a spreadsheet highlighted.

 

A spreadsheet is an interactive computer application for organization, analysis and storage of data in tabular form.^[1][2][3] Spreadsheets are developed as computerized simulations of paper accounting worksheets.^[4] The program operates on data entered in cells of a table. Each cell may contain either numeric or text data, or the results of formulas that automatically calculate and display a value based on the contents of other cells. A spreadsheet may also refer to one such electronic document.^[5][6][7]

Spreadsheet users can adjust any stored value and observe the effects on calculated values. This makes the spreadsheet useful for "what-if" analysis since many cases can be rapidly investigated without manual recalculation. Modern spreadsheet software can have multiple interacting sheets, and can display data either as text and numerals, or in graphical form. 

  

A spreadsheet is a paper or computer file that allows you to enter data in columns and rows. Microsoft Excel is the main spreadsheet program used on Windows computers although it is not the only available. Open Office and Google Documents both offer free spreadsheet applications which offer similar functions to Excel. A spreadsheet file (workbook) consist of sheets that have numbered rows and alphabetised columns which make locations that are called cells. Having rows and columns like this allows you to plot cell references eg C2 is the third column across and second row down. 

You can enter data into the cells in various formats such as number, text, date etc basically creating a data table. Formulas, such as a basic sum calculation, can also be entered into the cells to calculate new values based on data in other cells and certain criteria. When the data in the cells the formula is looking at changes, the result in the cell with the formula automatically updates. Once you are experienced in using formulas you use them to manipulate multiple worksheets and workbooks with complex nested functions.