As much as one can try, it is hard to deny the significance the Medici had to the Italian Renaissance. When critically analyzing the three ways humanism impacted the Renaissance one can see that the Medici's played a part in all of them. The idea of secularism, Antiquity or classics, and education. The idea of secularism was based around encouraging people to focus more on the present, not in the past like the Roman Catholic Church wanted. They promoted this by funding artists, writers, and scientists who expressed individuality through their work. The Medici's impacted Antiquity or classics by translating and gaining a better understanding the famous philosophical works of Plato, Aristotle, and other ancient philosophers. By doing this, they were reviving these classic ideas, which ended up being some of the fundamental parts of the Renaissance. The Medici family supported humanist education, which included literature, philosophy, history, rhetoric, and philosophy. This was different from the previous theological based schools. They also later established the Medici/Platonic Academy.

The end result of Johannes Gutenberg's printing press was the mass production of books throughout Europe. This increase in book availability significantly impacted the Renaissance. Before the printing press, books were in short supply and expensive, making it difficult for authors to share their ideas. The ability to mass-produce books provided writers with a means to reach a bigger audience. For the middle and lower classes, these books became affordable, allowing them to engage with new ideas and the author's perspectives that contributed to the ideas of humanism. Readers could find Renaissance work that personally connect with them, which encouraged them to support those contributing to the cultural rebirth or even inspire themselves to create their own works that add to humanist ideals.

When learning about the Spanish Inquisition, it is important to keep in mind that this all happened before the counter reformation. Meaning, during the time of the Spanish Inquisition there was no formal protestant movement, so they targeted other religions like the Muslims and Jews. aside from the different time periods, both acts had the same end goal. To get individuals to convert to Christianity. But where these acts differ is in there ways to implement their desires. The Spanish Inquisition used unorthodox methods to force people to adopt their religious beliefs. They gave the non-Catholic Spanish citizens the option to either leave the country or to convert to Catholicism. Those who stayed in Spain but practices their religion secretly, were hunted down, convicted of treason, and publicly punished and executed. On the other hand, the Catholic Reformation gave its citizens the option to convert or not. They focused more on trying to convince the people to become Catholic by connecting with them on a spritual and theological level, rather than torture and punishment. The Catholic reformation was also to chance the corrupt parts of the church so more people would want to join them. Ultimately, both aimed to spread Catholicism, but the Spanish Inquisition used force, while the Catholic Reformation focused on convincing people through faith and reform.

The Last Supper is important not only for its meaning in religion but also because it was a moment in the history of art-a revolution. At the time he painted this, the capture of deep emotion and the individual expressions of people in art was still quite new, and Leonardo's ability to show the different reactions of each disciple set a new standard for realism. His use of perspective and symmetry, with Christ as the focal point of the painting, reflects typical Renaissance ideals of harmony and balance. Beyond its achievements in art, the tension between betrayal and sacrifice is grasped in this painting, forming a core part of Christian theology. Its consistent impact on both art and creed has underlined how powerful artistic works can shape spiritual and cultural identity across generations.

The release of The Prince written by Niccolo Machiavelli truly was a pivotal time in politics. Before the Renaissance, everyone did everything the Roman Catholic Church told them to. The people didn't think of any other ways to rule because the Church was all they knew. Ideas began to spread and "The Prince" was one of the main contributors to them. People were fascinated and intrigued by the new way of looking at Politics. Politicians used the ideas to help them gain and keep their power. To this day, politicians use Machiavelli's ideas in their rule. Some take his words to an extreme, and make their countries a communist nation, and others use it to positively benefit their nation. The book remains significant to this day, and helps many politicians and rulers.

The 95 Theses were not only against indulgences but were a bold challenge to the authority of the Catholic Church and its practices. Luther's actions had sparked the Protestant Reformation, which had far-reaching consequences politically, socially, and religiously. It led to the establishment of Protestant branches, changed the dynamics in the balance of power between church and state, and reforms whichquestioned long-held religious traditions. Luther's emphasis on faith and scripture as personal matters laid the ground for individualism in Christianity, where all were encouraged to read and interpret the Bible personally. The Reformation also brought about a rise in literacy and expansion of education throughout Europe. While Luther's rebellion against church authority led to religious conflict, it also promoted religious freedom and diversity, influencing not only Christianity but most of what transpired later in history. The 95 Theses represent a critical turn of events in history in challenging big religious powers and remolding the religious and cultural landscape of Europe.

The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War and brought lasting change to Europe. Each country now had the ability to decide its own official religion. These were: Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism and they were free to practice their religion without the Holy Roman Empire interfering. It made new religions more normal and separated them from political conflicts. The treaties also broke the Holy Roman Empire into small, independent states and gave them control over their own territory. The broken up states closely resemble how Europe is broken up today. The Peace of Westphalia helped make and encouraged state sovereignty, where nations can govern themselves. It brought much needed stability to Europe after thirty years of devastating war and set a foundation for future peace and cooperation.

The Thirty Years war had an everlasting effect on Europe. The reason the war happened in the first place is because the peace of Augsburg didn't fully give citizens of the Holy Roman Emipire freedom of religion. Yes, they could choose to be Catholic or Protestant, but Lutheranism was the only one you could pick. The war then turned into a battle for territory and wealth, which was when the bigger countries joined in the war. The war resulted in millions dead, and a horrible economy. When the war ended with the Peace of Westphalia, it introduced the idea that countries should respect the independence of other countries, and their citizens independence. This war showed how, when not dealt with, little disagreements can become big problems, and how important it is to find peaceful solutions. Its lessons still remind us of the cost of war and the value of compromise.

The Council of Trent is something that can be overlooked very easily. Its effect to the world remains prominent and important to this day. The council got rid of the corruption in the Catholic Church, without it, who knows what Catholicism would look like today. It also expanded christianity and created the branch of the Jesuits. The Council of Trent had a main goal to get rid of all corruption in the Church. Many can learn from what they did and use it in their everyday life. They teach us to stand for what we believe in, but make sure what your doing is benefit for everyone: not just yourself.

Henry V is a deep look at leadership and the heavy load of being a king. Shakespeare explores ruling's hard issues, wars' ethics and how leaders use words to persuade. Henry appears as a hero, but the play also asks us to think about war's harsh effects on people and what power costs a nation. His well-known speeches push soldiers into battle, raising thoughts about using words to drive others. The play also touches on national identity, showing how fighting and leading maybe shape a nation's unity. Yet, Henry V hints that glorifying war hides the pain and sacrifices. This dual view presents leadership as both a triumph and a critique of war's true nature.

The Act of Supremacy was a a major development in the protestant reformation. Many new Christian denominations were forming in Europe, and more people were leaving Catholicism. The Act brought a lot of good to the people of England, it came with its down sides. The Act of Supremacy stated that the King is the head of the Church. This meant one man controls the government and all religious practices, showing an extreme example of absolute monarchy. It also lead to a lot of violence between the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of England supporters. It created division in England, and several rebellions.

In Raphael Sanizo’s School of Athens, he painted famous Greek philosophers, scientists, and mathematicians as well as religious figures working together and sharing ideas. He depicts famous figures including Aristotle, Ptolemy, and even Raphael himself. The School of Athens symbolized the unity of religion and philosophy during the time of the Renaissance, showing a bridging of the gap between the two ideas. While religion was still important during the time of the Renaissance, Raphael’s works reflected on the role of ancient philosophy which inspired new ideas and beliefs across Europe.

In Raphael Sanizo’s School of Athens, he painted famous Greek philosophers, scientists, and mathematicians as well as religious figures working together and sharing ideas. This idea of philosophers and scientist coming together was intriguing at the time, which is why this painting is so famous. Philosophy and science were two different ideas that had completely. different followings. He depicts famous figures including Aristotle, Ptolemy, and even Raphael himself. The School of Athens symbolized the unity of religion and philosophy during the time of the Renaissance, showing a bridging of the gap between the two ideas. While religion was still important during the time of the Renaissance, Raphael’s works reflected on the role of ancient philosophy which inspired new ideas and beliefs across Europe.

The Edict of Worms was a serious attempt by Charles V to stop Martin Luther and defend the authority of the Catholic Church. It declared Luther an outlaw and banned his writings, but it failed to stop him. Luther was in the protection of Frederick the Wise, and his ideas spread even faster with the printing press. The edict showed how hard it was to control religion during a time of change. It also represented a shift in power, as regional leaders such as Frederick had been willing to defythe Emperor on behalf of reform. Rather than halting the Reformation, the edict served to widen the divide between Catholic and Protestant, setting off a century of religious wars. It became an important moment in the fight for religious freedom and change.

The Peace of Augsburg was a big step toward the solution for religious divisions in the Holy Roman Empire, but it was not a lasting solution. By allowing princes to choose the religion of their territories, the treaty acknowledged the growing influence of Protestantism (Lutheranism) and reduced immediate conflict. But, it also made the citizens upset because their ruler was choosing their religion instead of themselves, limiting their personal freedom. This excluded other Protestant groups, such as Calvinists, and produced a fragile peace that did not think about the other religions that were developing in Europe. The Peace of Augsburg provided temporary stability for the region but did little to resolve latent tensions that would eventually contribute to future conflicts, one of which being the Thirty Years' War. 

While the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 was a big accomplishment, it was still problematic. The system of "apprenticeship" delayed the full freedom for newly freed people, keeping their exploitation continuous in breach of the promise of real freedom the Act had pronounced. In fact, the very act that was meant to liberate enslaved people reinforced inequality, paying owners rather than the enslaved and leaving newly freed individuals without the necessities to restart life. Also, the Act's limited use, leaving out places like India and St. Helena, showed political deals that favored economic and imperial interests instead of fairness for everyone. While it was an important step in ending slavery worldwide, the Act did not quickly provide equality or deal with the lasting effects of slavery. Even with these limits, it had great importance in inspiring anti-slavery movements all over the world by setting a legal and moral example for the eventual end of slavery in many countries.

While Tulip Mania is generally viewed as a cautionary tale of market excess, the long-term consequences of it were less catastrophic than once thought. The crash led to financial ruin for many, but it did not cause a general economic collapse in the Netherlands, which suggests that its effects were more insular among those involved in the tulip trade. The event nevertheless has shown that speculative bubbles are the ones wherein market prices are tacked to more emotional and hype factors rather than intrinsic values. This irrationality of the market during the tulip frenzy finds its parallel in several other historical financial bubbles like the South Sea Bubble and the 2008 housing crisis. Another factor that tulip mania showed was how large amounts of people were drawn to investments, even the speculative type that some investors may not financially understand. While the actual economic consequences of Tulip Mania were minimal, it did serve as a lesson about the instability of markets and one of the risks from chasing short-run gains in risky investments.

The Columbian Exchange was a monumental shift in history, though not an even process of give-and-take. New crops and animals, new economic opportunities, but above all, tremendous harm to Indigenous peoples and African populations: the diseases brought over by the Europeans wiped out much of the Indigenous population, while the transatlantic slave trade forced millions of Africans into brutal labor. It also disrupted ecosystems with the spread of invasive species and large-scale farming. Despite these negative impacts, the exchange connected the world in new ways and shaped modern global cultures and economies. It highlights both the benefits and the costs of global interaction.

The Fall of Constantinople in 1453 changed war and trade forever. The Ottomans used powerful cannons to break through the city's walls. This led to European armies starting to use gunpowder weapons and improve their defenses so they could try to fight off the Ottomans. By controlling the Silk Road, the Ottomans taxed European traders, making Asian goods more expensive. This was one of the reasons the Europeans started searching for a sea route to Asia, marking the Age of Exploration. The fall did not only make the Ottoman Empire grow stronger but made Europe be curious enough to venture into exploringthe rest of the world and building communication. It was an end of the Byzantine Empire, with its power shifting to the East European and Middle East side of the continent.

Mercantilism helped establish powerful colonial empires and gave the state much more control over economic activities, but it also created major problems in world trade. The system was overly obsessed with the accumulation of gold and silver, which led to unfair trade restrictions and the exploitation of colonies. It promoted the idea that one nation's gain meant another's loss, encouraging fierce competition and conflict among European powers. It also stunted innovation and competition since the governments tightly controlled trade and industry. Though mercantilism had a place in the early development of world economies, it really hindered economic growth by placing bounds on free market principles and creating inequality among nations. Emphasis on national wealth, not individual prosperity, allowed only limited development of a more dynamic, competitive economy and delayed the shift toward more modern economic systems, such as capitalism.

Jamestown is symbolizes the resilience and the hasher realities of early colonialism. While it marked important milestones in the expansion of English influence in the New World, its failures can be a lesson regarding the risks of poor planning and over reliance on profit driven motives. Success with tobacco farming brought an economic boost but also entrenched systems of coerced labor, including enslaved Africans, that would shape the racial and economic inequalities of the United States. Additionally, the colony's expansion came at the expense of Indigenous peoples, leading to displacement and violence that set a precedent for future colonial interactions. Whereas many celebrate Jamestown for the role it played in American history, the legacy is that of innovation, survival, and exploitation.

Vasco da Gama's voyages marked a turning point in history because he finally found a sea route to India after all previous attempts by Portuguese explorers had failed. His achievement initiated the Age of Exploration, inspiring other European nations to explore new territories and expand trade routes. Opening up a direct route from Europe to India by sea, da Gama helped to establish Portugal as a major naval power and set the stage for future exploration. The perseverance and success he showed were symbolic of the spirit of discovery that typified the era, and he was one of the most important figures in history in global navigation.

New France was the most important area of French colonization in North America; it was a model of colonization that was based on trade and the living together with the Indians in a completely different way. This means reliance on diplomacy and fur trading partnerships, which were new and would, however, bring along the weaknesses through altered alliances and wars with Britain to the colony. The difference between the British colonies and other colonial powers was that the imbalance in population and the number of agricultural bases in New France meant that it was less competitive in colonial development. But it is remarkable in preserving the French culture, language and legal acquis, since it keeps alive the tradition of a large part of Quebec in Canada. It also showed that the European powers Europeans. could Ultimately, live the together demise with of the New indigenous France people was which due was to not the often issues stressed that by affected the the European powers as they sought to defend their empires in the face of a global challenge.

The Treaty of Tordesillas exemplified the determination of Spain and Portugal to dominate exploration and colonization during the Age of Exploration. By establishing a "line of demarcation," the treaty symbolized the growing European ambition to claim and control vast regions of the world, often at the expense of Indigenous populations. While it managed to avoid the immediate conflict between Spain and Portugal, in doing so, it excluded the other European powers of that time, such as England, France, and the Netherlands, and thus paved a path for future challenges and rivalries. The treaty strengthened a Eurocentric viewpoint that was dismissive of native peoples and cultures of the land being divided up. Despite these deficiencies, the treaty had a more lasting impact on world trade, territorial claims, and cultural legacies, most especially in the shaping of Latin America and Brazil's borders and colonial histories.

The history of the Transatlantic Slave Trade exposes the the most severe consequences of ineffective humanitarianism that invented colonialism and unjust economic exploitation. It gave a significant amount of wealth and resources to European states and colonial powers ensuring the advancement of capitalism in the world. But the slave trade destroyed the African peoples’ endemic societies, depopulated them, ruptured the order of cultures, and brought about the apathy to capitalist transformation. The Africans who were captured and enslaved went through a lot of torture and cruelty staring from the Middle Passage up to when they served on the plantations. The very nature of the trade legitimized the abuse of people on the color basis and the discrimination began then. Although the blockade of the trade was an ethical revolution, it can never in any way undo the effects of exploitation that have been deposited in the causal web of contemporary society and economy.

Hernan Cortez's conquest of the Aztec Empire made a real difference regarding the influence that Spain enjoyed in the Americas. Upon his capture of Tenochtitlan and defeat of the Aztecs, Cortez opened up the new territories that were virgin to Spanish control, and this was a period when Spain really dominated big parts of North and Central America. The success launched a period of colonization for Spain accompanied by immense wealth through means such as gold and silver. Cortez's expeditions firmly positioned Spain as a leadingEuropean power in the Americas and set the stage for continued exploration and colonization by the Spanish. But his brutal conquest and the destruction of the Aztec civilization were devastating forIndigenous peoples, too, whose lands and ways of life would never be the same.

Columbus' expedition in 1492 remains a significant milestone in the world history, even though it had both positive and negative impact. He was taken by Spain with the intention of looking for a new route to Asia but instead, he found the Americas. This made the world to get new land to exploration, colonize, and collect native agriculture, linking the Europe, Africa and the America. However, it also led to devastating consequences for the indigenous people in form of colonization, exploitation and the introduction of diseases that lead to many deaths. Although Columbus brought new knowledge of the new world, it also paved way to many years of imbalance and combat between European countries, and indigenous people.

Henry the Navigator played an important role in the successful exploration of the sea that placed Portugal to expand trading routes and increased its influence. By patronizing the voyage along the western coast of Africa, Henry opened new lands and the sea way to India. Still, it led to be one of the early players in the transatlantic slave trade because Portuguese expeditions began capturing Africans for forced labor in European plantations. While Henry's efforts moved navigation ahead and opened new economic opportunities, at the same time, it started a tradition of exploitation and suffering among many indigenous and African communities. Whatever said and done, his contributions to the development of skills in maritime technology and world exploration laid the bedrock for future European colonization and trade.

It played a major role in expanding the colonial empire of the Netherlands, but did so at a high human cost: given its focus on profits deriving from sugar, tobacco, and the slave trade, it supported systems of exploitation and thus contributed to the suffering of both Indigenous people and enslaved Africans. While it helped to increase Dutch wealth and influence, the company's reliance on slavery and colonization reinforced inequalities harmful and persistent long after the company's decline. These criticisms notwithstanding, the company contributed to the shaping of global trade networks and early development in European empires, and its legacy can still be seen in colonial history today.

Ferdinand Magellan's voyage, really impacted the world by proving that it was indeed round, and it showed the how big the Earth really is. It also opened a new sea route through the Strait of Magellan, facilitating travels between the continents, and opening up a new trade passage. It connected the world in various ways, influencing greater trade and the exchange of goods, ideas, and culture. But, this all meant the colonization and more harm against indigenous peoples would occur around the world. All in all, the expedition of Magellan opened a new chapter of global exploration and completely changed the image and feeling toward the world.

The scientific method really changed the way people approach knowledge and discovering things both in the past and today. It changed from depending on religion and beliefs to a way of observation and experiment with a new concept in the world. Scientists like Francis Bacon and Galileo helped promote this method, which helped others believe in the new way for new ideas to be tested and proved. Although it has its down sides, like being confined to the current technology or the ability to test a certain hypothesis, which was a bog issue when first created, the scientific method is still needed. To this day, it shapes how we explore and understand everything from nature to technology, helping to progress and expanding the understanding in many fields.

The Glorious Revolution had an important impact on modern democracy, as it lessened the powers of the monarch and gave more to Parliament, laying the foundation for constitutional government. Its was to help to avoided violence experienced in other revolutions, making it a model of political transition. However, it reinforced Protestant dominance in England and lessened Catholics and other minority groups, entrenching religious divisions. It mainly benefited the elite, furthering individual rights for them first while it barely touched the lower classes. Regardless of these limitations, the Glorious Revolution was a landmark that made an impact on democratic ideas the world over.

The invention of the telescope had a major impact in science, changing how people view the universe, and outer space. The telescope showed us proof and new evidence of what space looks like, and it helps us understand how the universe works. This invention helped advance astronomy and encourage new ways of thinking based on what you observe and evidence rather than going off what the Bible says. The creation of the telescope inspired austronomers to study outer space, because it made it easier for them to do it. However, its early findings, especially those that supported the heliocentric theory, were very controversial and the Roman Catholic Church immediately disregarded its findings. Although it's had its challenges, the telescope is still one of the most impactful inventions in history, because it sparked curiosity and people's want to explore outer space.

Thomas Hobbes' ideas were very important in Leviathan, and changed how many thought about rulers and governments. Still some people did not agree with him. He said that in order to have peace, we need one very strong leader, but many people worried that having an absolute monarchy could result in unfair treatment, favoritism, or even a dictator. Hobbes thought that people should give up some of their freedoms to a strong leader, which made others fear that it could lead to abuse of power. Though some of his ideas seemed like a lot, his book made people think more about how governments should work and how to balance safety with freedom. His work still affects how we think about government today, even if we don't agree with everything he said.

Isaac Newton made some of the greatest and most impactful discoveries in science. His laws of motion and theory of gravity explained how objects move and why things fall, important knowledge both for everyday life and space exploration. But not everyone was on board when Newton's ideas first came out. Some of his theories were too difficult for people to understand or prove at that time. However, over time, his ideas were proved right, and it changed how we view everything around us. Newton's work provided a more clear, understanding of the universe, but it couldn't explain how the universe was made or why certain forces have the behavior they have. Still, his discoveries are considered the building blocks of the science that are still being studied today. Newton's work continues to shape physics and math.

He was an important king who made Prussia very strong, but not everything he did was perfect. The military victories of Frederick the Great extended Prussia in size and power, but it took a tole on the people. The constant wars that took away much money and other resources from the counties citizens. Frederick improved schools and made laws that were fair, which helped many people, but he did most of these things to make his government stronger, not to give people more freedom. Even though he allowed different religions, it was mainly to keep peace in his kingdom, not because he believed everyone was equal. Frederick was a brilliant and talented leader who improved Prussia, but some of his decisions were more about power than helping people. His ideas still influenced Europe and showed how a king could use new ideas to strengthen a country.

King Louis XIV made France very strong, but his way of ruling had a lot of problems. He built a huge army and made France important in Europe, but the constant wars he fought were very expensive and hurt the people. He created the Palace of Versailles, which showed his power and brought nobles together, but it also cost a lot of money. Louis liked being in control over everything, something that made him a very strong leader yet made the lives of the common people hard through the heavy taxation. In as much as his reign made France both powerful and famous, it also was an example showing how possessing so much power in one man's hands develops into an enormous problem in a nation.

Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws gave ideas that changed how governments should work forever. His idea of separating powers into three branches was groundbreaking and pretty much unheard of at the time. His ideas helped to create much safer, fairer systems of government. Unlike King Louis XIV, who believed in absolute monarchy and one should have all the power in the government, Montesquieu believed that to avoid corruption, the roles and areas of government needed to be divided among three independent branches. By preventing one group or leader from having too much control, Montesquieu’s ideas brought balance and fairness, which influenced democratic countries around the world both in the past and today. However, some people argue that his ideas were too unrealistic and hard to apply in real life, especially in the countries with unstable governments. Still, his work remains one of the most fundamental contributions to political ideas, and is still inspiring how governments are made and improved today.

Vesalius' book helped to revolutionize how doctors study the human body. He studied real bodies to understand the many aspects of the body where. Before this, a lot of people in the medical field only treated simple diseases, and normal sicknesses. Vesalius's work showed and proved that the older theories of the human body were wrong and his drawings helped others understand the body and its functions. His work was very important, but some people did not agree with his methods, because the dissection of human bodies was not viewed as okay back then. Yet, Vesalius still showed that observing and testing things to learn about the human body was a better way. Vesalius' book On the Structure of the Human Body, helped start a new way of studying medicine and made a big difference for future doctors.

John Locke's Two Treatises of Government had a huge impact on how we think about government today. His ideas of natural rights, which were life, liberty, and property, became very big and important in the idea of a democracy. He did not believe that anyone should be ruled by a single king or leader, rather, governments should be to protect the people's rights. The revolutionary idea he supported was that people should have the ability to change their government when it no longer worked for them. These ideas helped shape a good deal of the modern democracies, such as the United States. Yet, a lot of Locke's ideas applied only to a particular group in his time. This main focus group was the white male. It didn't include women, enslaved people, and others. Although he didn't produce many ideas, his work is still very influential, and is used as a base for many democratic nations.

For Descartes, reason is the only rational way to get and acquire knowledge. All knowledge and ideas, before him, were taken from trust in senses, others and traditional beliefs. His famous saying is "I think, therefore I am," helped people to view self awareness and existence from an entirely different perspective in which reality is complementary to one's narrative. As some critics have pointed out, his ideas were too complex and failed to properly explain and account for the physical world and its interactions. Still, one cannot ignore Descartes’ ideas, for they are constantly being used in the world today.

The trial of Galileo remains a historical moment because of the controversy that was developed between science and faith. Galileo's discovery that Earth revolving around the Sun was true, but the Church never accepted it since it changed what they believed. People started thinking more about the role of science and less about religion in understanding their world. Though Galileo had to retract his theories, his work helped prove the reliability of science and reasoning over old beliefs. His trial also made people begin to question concepts and think for themselves. Galileo's discoveries, though he was punished for them, changed science forever.

Leeuwenhoek’s amazing discovery of bacteria was a big deal in science and the Enlightenment, because it introduced the microscopic creatures to the wold. With a simple microscope, Leeuwenhoek was able to see water and surfaces and watch the bacteria move around. While he didn't completely realize how the miniature organisms worked, or what their role was in diseases, other scientists eventually made it possible to learn many more aspects about germs and other bacterias. His work completely changes peoples' ideas of life and disease causing them to make great advances in medicine. He did not have the instruments and knowledge that we have today, but Leeuwenhoek had made plenty of observations, and with that, he was among the first scientists to say the world is full of living organisms that cannot be seen but complexly affect our lives.

The heliocentric theory had a tremendous effect on the perception of humankind regarding the position of Earth as a planet in the universe. Apart from the Copernican view, many people held the geocentric view, placing Earth as the center of the universe, for many centuries. The idea was aligned with religion and very rampant in the culture. Copernicus' heliocentrism met a lot of opposition from the Roman Catholic Church, which claimed that the view was against Christian teachings. The theory was later, however, proved right by Galileo and Kepler. Their contribution convinced many of the validity of the Copernican view. Acceptance of the heliocentric theory led to many other discoveries about outer space and our galaxy. It also encourages people to question other traditional ideas, do more expirements to prove their theories, which helped fuel the scientific revolution