https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom Please look at the instructions in the link: https://docs.google.com/document/d/11ccMhwhAn38P80bYl5I2xanfzybtOWd23EBWZn2hxqI/edit?usp=sharing en-us 2022-01-27 16:21:33 UTC 2022-02-24 18:55:08 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065082683 By modifying its inactivation threshold of voltage-dependent sodium channels, Zonisamide is able to reduce sustained high-frequency repetitive firing of action potentials. Zonisamide also inhibits low-threshold T-type calcium channels in neurons, which can possibly stop/slow the spread of seizure discharge across cells. 
The drug is indicated as am adjunctive therapy in partial seizure treatment for adults with epilepsy. 
About 100 units of Zonisamide will cost $34-56 and and it takes approximately 2 weeks for it to take effect. I believe it is worth it because it was proven to be highly effective in treating partial seizures.

]]> 2022-02-24 18:16:10 UTC https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065082683 https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065083957 Cilostazol is a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 3 (PDE3) with therapeutic focus on increasing cAMP. Cilostazol improves the flow of blood through the blood vessels. It is used to reduce leg pain caused by poor circulation making it possible to walk farther before having to rest because of leg pain. The cost for cilostazol oral tablet 100 mg is around $33 for a supply of 50, depending on the pharmacy you visit. I personally do think that it is worth it, as according to https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2663440/, taking 100 mg of cilostazol twice a day led to a 76% improvement in maximal walking distance from the baseline compared with a 20% improvement for the placebos. According to The American Journal of Medicine, when compared to its competitor, "Cilostazol was significantly better than pentoxifylline or placebo for increasing walking distances in patients with intermittent claudication, but was associated with a greater frequency of minor side effects." It is more effective, but more likely to give you minor side effecs.]]> 2022-02-24 18:16:54 UTC https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065083957 https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065088805 Zaleplon is around 21$ for ten capsules of it with each capsule containing around 10mg of the drug it self. I think its worth it at this price because all through the price is a little high the family of drugs that this medicine falls under is relatively new, and the low amount given is because of the addictive possibility.

Zaleplon is proven to help with insomnia in the short term which is FDA approved however it does also come with the risk of addiction as well as that it cant help you stay asleep, only fall asleep.

Zaleplon is a part of the Nonbenzodiazepine class of sedatives. These are a relatively new class of drugs for sedative purposes and they are normally used for the short term treatment of insomnia.

]]> 2022-02-24 18:19:32 UTC https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065088805 https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065090155 Nizatidine is used to treat and prevent ulcers and other conditions that make too much stomach acid. Nizatidine can be found for about $70 for 60, 150mg capsules, which could be pretty expensive, but is worth the price because its effective.

Nizatidine inhibits the binding of histamine to the H2-receptors on the gastric basolateral membrane of parietal cells, which helps reduce basal and nocturnal gastric acid secretions. This drug belongs to the known class H2 blockers. 

Nizatidine can be compared to esomeprazole , which is also used to treat frequent heartburn and too much stomach acid. This drug can be used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It can also lower the risk of bleeding after endoscopy in patients with ulcers.]]> 2022-02-24 18:20:19 UTC https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065090155 https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065090888 -The FDA has approved tramadol to be used and indicated for the treatment of moderate to moderately severe chronic pain in adults. It will be used for patients who require treatment for an extended period of time. On the other hand, the FDA does not approve of using tramadol on children and has restricted and strong discourages women who are breastfeeding to use it
-The manufacturer claims that tramadol is a safer opioid. When comparing it to ibuprofen, there was an actual scientific trial done to see results (described on pubmed.gov). Eighty patients who had lower abdomen problems were split into two groups: one taking ibuprofen and one taking tramadol. The results were that both regimens were well tolerated and there were no significant differences. The experiment concluded that oral tramadol is safe and effective. However, after doing further research, tramadol is only safe in a controlled state. It is very easy to overdose on tramadol and there are very bad side effects which could be fatal.
-The cost of tramadol is about $50 for 60 tablets and the price can even be covered if you carry insurance. It is relatively inexpensive so I think it is worth the price compared to other types of pain medications.]]> 2022-02-24 18:20:36 UTC https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065090888 https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065090984 -When injected IP, Tyloxapol blocks plasma lipolytic activity, which causes the breakdown of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins
-One use of Tyloxapol is to clear the upper and lower airways, so in way it can be compared to that of an inhaler, however Tyloxapol is used to clear mucus or pus stuck in the airways. 
-100 Mg of Tyloxapol runs for about $100 USD, while 500 Mg of it runs for about $300 USD. Considering there are easier ways to get what Tyloxapol does quicker and more effeciently, I think that the price is unreasonable. ]]> 2022-02-24 18:20:39 UTC https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065090984 https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065092663 By Abbigail Tago
_{^{What is the cost to the patient (per treatment or per time period, if appropriate)? Do you think it is worth the price? Why or why not?}}
The cost is about $13 for 60 tablets so it is relatively inexpensive for the job that it does. You do not need to take a large amount of tablets over a short period of time so the 60 tablets should go a long way.
_{^{What is the mechanism of its therapeutic effect? Is this drug a member of an established class, or is it a brand new form of therapy?}}
Meloxicam works by blocking the effects of the COX or cyclo-oxygenase enzyme, and dulls the pain receptors in the injured area. By blocking the natural course of action the body takes when injured it reduces the swelling and pain for the patient. Meloxicam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the same type of drug as Advil and Tylenol.
_{^{What are the "FDA-approved" and "unapproved" indications for this drug?}}
The FDA has approved meloxicam for the use against osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. It is a prescription drug and cannot be used on patients who have asthma, urticaria, or anyone who has had an adverse reaction to a drug in the anti-inflammatory class.

]]> 2022-02-24 18:21:41 UTC https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065092663 https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065096044 1. The NDA for this particular drug was not approved at first due to insufficient evidence of its effectiveness and the lack of consistency in treatments varying from men to women. Once approved, the FDA narrowed the target patients from both genders to only males over 18.
2. Balsalazide is a generic drug established to be part of the class of aminosalicylates: which decreases swelling in the colon. 
5. The cost of balsalazide varies from 50 - 200+ dollars. I believe that this is not worth the price. There are various other aminosalicytes that do the job and are significantly cheaper. For example, sulfasalazine is another drug from the same group costing only about 15 - 55 dollars. ]]> 2022-02-24 18:23:43 UTC https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065096044 https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065097894 Miglitol had been approved as supplementary to diet and exercise in order to ameliorate glycemic control for type 2 diabetic adults. It is an oral medication belonging to the class of drugs called alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. It usually taken 3 times day per meal. The cost of for 30 25mg tablets is around $137. I think it isn't worth the price as it doesn't lower your A1C. There are other medications that are more effective. ]]> 2022-02-24 18:24:48 UTC https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065097894 1048416 https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065098732 Citalopram is an FDA-approved antidepressant, only found in tablet dosage form. It has also been used for non-FDA-approved uses such as for panic disorders, OCD, alcohol use disorder, and coronary arteriosclerosis. Citalopram is thought to work by increasing serotonin levels in the brain, and belongs to a class of medicines called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Citalopram can be compared to other SSRIs such as escitalopram and fluoxetine, since they all serve the same purpose of increasing serotonin. ]]> 2022-02-24 18:25:17 UTC https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065098732 1050817 https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065099018 Prescription lansoprazole is used to treat the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Based on the Drug History at FDA, it was first identified in 1995, had new dosage form three times, and a new manufacturer once. Cost of the medication (oral delayed release capsules) is around $26 for a supply of 30 capsules. The oral tablet, disengrating is 15 mg starts from $545.46 for 100. It seems to be worth the price since 55% of people claimed to have positive effects. ]]> 2022-02-24 18:25:28 UTC https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065099018 https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065099451 Perindopril inhibits angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE) by relaxing the blood vessels and decreasing blood volume. It allows the blood to move much more smoothly by preventing the production of naturally-produced chemicals that tighten blood vessels. Perindopril is in a class of ACE inhibitors. 
FDA approved indications for perindopril include hypertension and for those with coronary heart disease. Some contraindications for perindopril include angioedema or any history of hereditary angioedema. 
The cost of 30, 4mg tablets of perindopril is about $72. This is not a relatively overly-expensive drug, and it may be covered by certain insurance companies.

]]> 2022-02-24 18:25:44 UTC https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065099451 https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065099854 Benazepril is newer drug that has been approved to help with treatment for people with Hypertension or high-blood pressure. Benazepril works by decreasing certain chemicals that tighten bloodstreams, which helps create a smoother and easier blood flow through the body. The drug is in the class ACE Inhibitors or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. The price for Benazepril changes vastly from brand to generic name prices. The average price for a brand-name bottle of 20mg prescription of Benazepril is about $20, but generic bottles do go for a cheaper prices, which doesn't cause many financial problems. While the medication does treat hypertension if you have a history of angioedema, liver, kidney, or heart problems you should not be taking this medication as it may be fatal. In addition to that if your are pregnant or 6 years or younger it is not recommended for consumption of the medication.]]> 2022-02-24 18:25:59 UTC https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065099854 https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065102451 Meloxicam is a severe painkiller that is FDA approved as it's been supported with a Phase 3 safety study. It serves it's purpose as a painkiller but does have many side effects that are rare affecting 2% of people who use it. 

Meloxicam is about $2 for 100mg with only 7.5 mg dosages each day, it's an inexpensive drug. Since meloxicam is cheap and serves its purpose, it's a worthwhile medication. 

Meloxicam is an NSAID (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) that can be taken as an oral tablet or pill, and can also be injected as a liquid intravenously. How it works is it blocks a chemical called cyclo-oxygenase (COX) enzymes that produce prostaglandin which cause inflammation or pain.]]> 2022-02-24 18:27:29 UTC https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065102451 https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065102524 - Caspofungin was approved by the FDA by working to treat invasive aspergillosis or yeast infections found in adult and pediatric patients (around 3 months of age and older) who are known to be intolerant of other types of therapies. Treating such infections in the blood, stomach, lungs and esophagus, it helps to care for certain fungal infections that were not previously successful with other medications.
In terms of the non-approved FDA indications, this includes the patient getting Oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush), infectious arthritis, and the possibility of cardiovascular system infections. 
- With the medication, it works in blocking or stopping the synthesis of the fungal cell wall component beta-(1,3)-D-glucan. Caspofungin utilizes the non-competive inhibition of the enzyme β(1,3)-d-glucan synthase, allowing for the medication to therefore reduce the activity of said enzyme and bind well to the enzyme regardless of if or not it has already found a substrate. It is part of the new class of antifungal agents, the echinocandins, and works almost like a new form of therapy because of its novel mechanism of action.
- The cost feels appropriate as the medication works to be solely administered by the IV route as they are poorly bioavailable for oral usage. Due to it being a new form of treatment and the IV infusion needing to be carefully looked after so it takes for over an hour, it requires attention to not administer it co-infused with other medications. Due to it's relatively low incidence of adverse effects, I would consider it a worthy investment for the patients if one is struggling with untreated fungal infections.]]> 2022-02-24 18:27:31 UTC https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065102524 https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065104819 Moxifloxacin is a medication used to treat bacterial conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, which is an infection of the membrane that effects the inside of the eyelids and and surface of the eye. The FDA approves of moxifloxacin as a topical ophthalmic solution. However, this drug is unapproved for intraocular administration. It is not available as an over-the-counter medication and has to be prescribed in 5ml or 10ml bottles; each one would cost an average of $115 per bottle, making it a fairly expensive eye drop medication. Moxifloxacin works by inhibiting DNA gyrase, a type II topoisomerase, and topoisomerase IV, which results in a separation of bacterial DNA, thereby inhibiting cell replication.

]]> 2022-02-24 18:28:48 UTC https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065104819 1048702 https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065105195 -What are the FDA approved and unapproved indications of benazepril?
It is FDA approved for the treatment of hypertension and to lower blood pressure. It works to relax blood vessels so blood can flow more easily. It is not approved for people younger than 6 years old and those that suffer from dehydration, has low sodium in the blood, and others should not take benazepril.
-What is the mechanism of it's therapeutic effect? Is this drug a member of an established class, or is it a brand new form of therapy?
Benazepril blocks the substance in the body that makes blood vessels tighten. It is part of the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors drug class.
-What is the cost to the patient (per treatment or per time period, if appropriate)? Do you think it is worth the price? Why or why not? 
The cost to the patient for Benazepril is $22 for 30, 10 mg tablets, meaning around 74 cents per unit. This drug is also covered by a lot of health insurance plans so I think it is worth it.

]]> 2022-02-24 18:28:59 UTC https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065105195 https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065106473 - Sirolimus is used to suppress the body's immune system to prevent the body from rejecting an organ transplant, specifically kidney transplants. It is an immunosuppressant, and is often combined with other immunosuppressants when treating an organ transplant.
- Sirolimus is often compared to another immunosuppressant drug known as tacrolimus, which does the same job. 
- Although both sirolimus and tacrolimus have the same effect, patients have to take tacrolimus for the rest of their life, but sirolimus only needs consistent monitoring.  ]]> 2022-02-24 18:29:43 UTC https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065106473 https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065110589 Valsartan is a medication that is used to treat high blood pressure and is compared to other medications. In an FDA press release, officials stated when valsartan was prioritized, they were finding other medication that was able to do the same function. (#3) 
The cost for a number of 90-days is around $100-150, varying based on where you buy it from. While this definitely is a pricey tablet, there are cheaper, albeit lesser-effective options such as losartan. (#5) 
Circling around how it works, valsartan is aimed at helping ease hypertension, or high blood pressure - when the heart has to work harder to pump blood throughout the body. Taking this drug allows for substances that restrict blood vessels and block them. This relaxes the blood vessels, so with a lower blood pressure, the heart is able to pump blood through the boy easier. (#2)]]> 2022-02-24 18:32:15 UTC https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065110589 https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065110905 What are the "FDA-approved" and "unapproved" indications for this drug?
   Since the drug Mezlocillin is a type of penicillin, it is permitted by the FDA to be used on anyone who has a bacterial infection. Currently, it is being used as various therapies for those who have had respiratory infections or urinary infections.

What is the mechanism of its therapeutic effect? Is this drug a member of an established class, or is it a brand new form of therapy?
   Mezlocillin is an ampicillin-derived penicillin meaning it is part of the penicillin family. It binds to the bacterial penicillin-binding protein and mediates it.

What is the appropriate standard against which to compare it? Why? Is this comparator another drug, a surgical procedure, or …?
One would be able to compare this drug to penicillin, or specifically penicillin V. They are both drugs that are able to bind to bacterial penicillin-binding protein. The difference is that mezlocillin only targets bacterial infections whereas penicillin v is also able to respond to staph infections and strep infections as well. Penicillin is able to be taken orally and on the other hand mezlocillin patients did not respond well to an oral version and had to stick with intravenous injections. This limitation lead to the discontinuation of the drug in the United States.]]> 2022-02-24 18:32:27 UTC https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065110905 https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065114411 Raloxifene (Evista) is FDA-approved to be indicated for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis as well as the reduction in risk of invasive breast cancer for postmenopausal women when treated for osteoporosis. This form of hormone therapy, acting through the binding of estrogen receptors, is specialized to postmenopausal women, so it is not approved to be used for those in premenopausal. Considering that Raloxifene is mainly used for the treatment of osteoporosis, with a positive side effect being the reduction of invasive breast cancer, I would say the cost is fair for the patient when compared to other osteoporosis medications. Raloxifene is about $96 for thirty 60mg tablets, while other osteoporosis medications, though only taken weekly and/or monthly, typically cost over $100 for 4-5 smaller tablets. If the patient is being prescribed raloxifene for reducing the risk of invasive breast cancer, however, it would be better to research alternate medications with that main specific purpose to be cost effective.]]> 2022-02-24 18:34:33 UTC https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065114411 https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065116615 Telmisartan is used as a hypertensive drug and to treat high blood pressure. 

It blocks the binding of angiotensin II to the AT1 receptor in many tissues, which in turn blocks the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone, effectively causing blood vessels to relax.  It is part of the class of medications called Angiotensin II receptor antagonists.

The manufacturer has claimed that Telmisartan is superior to other ARB drugs due to its ability in reducing fasting plasma glucose. Data does prove this statement (Consequently, it can be concluded, when Telmisartan test and reference product show bioequivalence as in study 1040, that the products could be considered therapeutically equivalent and should be similar in terms of efficacy and safety. The difference in Telmisartan Cmax of up to 30% can therefore be considered irrelevant in terms of efficacy and safety) and is reported within a detailed report (which includes properly designed trials).
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/assessment-report/telmisartan-actavis-epar-public-assessment-report_en.pdf

The cost of telmisartan is about $26.84 – $127.25 for 30 tablets. While I do think this drug can be helpful, it may be way too expensive for those who cannot afford it (since the tablets usually are sold for prices in the higher end) and cannot be worth it if there are other substitutes that are cheaper (which there are).

]]> 2022-02-24 18:35:46 UTC https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065116615 https://padlet.com/baldridge_c1/d41ttmb6nd1rneom/wish/2065150973
The FDA approved naratriptan for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults. Naratriptan selectively suppresses neurotransmission from sensory fibers through inhibitor of neuropeptide transmitter release. It's in a class of medications called selective serotonin receptor agonists, which is used to treat migraines and cluster headaches.
The medication works by narrowing blood vessels around the brain, which stops pain signals from being sent to the brain, and stops the release of certain natural substances that can cause symptoms of migraine.  


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