https://padlet.com/osans0666_/d3l1txb7mxsc7itu en-us 2023-10-05 13:09:03 UTC 2023-10-05 14:12:51 UTC hello@padlet.com osans0666_ https://padlet.com/osans0666_/d3l1txb7mxsc7itu/wish/2733909855 Graves Disease:
An autoimmune disease which results from type II hypersensitivity in which there is stimulation of the thyroid by autoantibodies directed against the TSH receptor.

Type II Hypersensitivity:

• Antibodies that attack antigens on the surface of specific cells or tissues (thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins attack thyroid tissue)
• The reaction is organ-specific (thyroid for Graves disease)

]]> 2023-10-05 13:14:42 UTC https://padlet.com/osans0666_/d3l1txb7mxsc7itu/wish/2733909855 osans0666_ https://padlet.com/osans0666_/d3l1txb7mxsc7itu/wish/2733910140 -Postpartum
-Infections
-Iodine Excess (over iodized salt; animal milk; iodine-containing supplements)
-Emotional Stress
-Smoking
-Interferon Induced Thyroiditis (IIT) (Interferon-alpha used as treatment for may conditions most notably Hep C)

(Pokhrel & Bhusal, 2023)]]> 2023-10-05 13:14:53 UTC https://padlet.com/osans0666_/d3l1txb7mxsc7itu/wish/2733910140 osans0666_ https://padlet.com/osans0666_/d3l1txb7mxsc7itu/wish/2733913202 Immune cells are created called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) that serve as analogs of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH). Grave's Disease has a specific TSI known as Thyrotropin Receptor Antibody (TRAb) that performs this feat. ]]> 2023-10-05 13:16:39 UTC https://padlet.com/osans0666_/d3l1txb7mxsc7itu/wish/2733913202 osans0666_ https://padlet.com/osans0666_/d3l1txb7mxsc7itu/wish/2733913956 The thyroid gland normally enlarges in response to the increase demand for TH. When the condition resulting in increase TH resolves, TSH secretion normally subsides, and the thyroid gland returns to its original size.]]> 2023-10-05 13:17:03 UTC https://padlet.com/osans0666_/d3l1txb7mxsc7itu/wish/2733913956 osans0666_ https://padlet.com/osans0666_/d3l1txb7mxsc7itu/wish/2733914435 Type II Hypersensitivity: Tissue specific; cytotoxic; antigens on cell-surface receptors are altered and bind to antibodies (IgG, IgM) complementing the self-antigen. Tissue destruction results from macrophages, natural killer cells, and neutrophils that complement. A decreased number of receptors available results from antibodies binding to hormones or neurotransmitters. ]]> 2023-10-05 13:17:19 UTC https://padlet.com/osans0666_/d3l1txb7mxsc7itu/wish/2733914435 osans0666_ https://padlet.com/osans0666_/d3l1txb7mxsc7itu/wish/2733914708 -Fast/Irregular Heartbeat
-Weight Loss
-Insomnia
-Bulging Eyes
-Change in Menstrual Cycle/Reduced Libido
-Trembling Hands
-Goiter
-Heat Intolerance
-Muscle Weakness

https://www.thyroidcancer.com/blog/how-to-treat-graves-disease-top-3-options]]> 2023-10-05 13:17:28 UTC https://padlet.com/osans0666_/d3l1txb7mxsc7itu/wish/2733914708 osans0666_ https://padlet.com/osans0666_/d3l1txb7mxsc7itu/wish/2733914965 The end goal of treatment is to stop the production of Thyroid hormones. Some therapies manage symptoms only. The options are as follows:

1) Radioactive iodine therapy destroys cells over time due to accumulative radiation effects on cells.
2) Anti-thyroid medications interfere with iodine usage to create hormones.
3) Beta-blockers are used to block the effects of thyroid hormones on the body.
4) Surgical excision of the thyroid (total or partial) reduces or eliminates hormone production. Post-surgical therapies replace normal levels of thyroid hormones. 
5) Management of Grave's ophthalmopathy done via corticosteroids, further surgeries and radiation, or infusion therapies.

]]> 2023-10-05 13:17:36 UTC https://padlet.com/osans0666_/d3l1txb7mxsc7itu/wish/2733914965 yusen3905_ https://padlet.com/osans0666_/d3l1txb7mxsc7itu/wish/2733933538 Pokhrel B, Bhusal K. Graves Disease. [Updated 2023 Jun 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448195/#

Walsh, Dr. N., How to treat graves’ disease: Top 3 options. https://www.thyroidcancer.com/blog/how-to-treat-graves-disease-top-3-options

Rogers, J. (2024). McCance & Huether’s pathophysiology: the biologic basis for disease in adults and children. (9th ed.). Elsevier.

Pokhrel, B., Bhusal, K. (June 2023). Grave’s Disease. National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448195/]]> 2023-10-05 13:27:24 UTC https://padlet.com/osans0666_/d3l1txb7mxsc7itu/wish/2733933538