https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/d1biot3ptw7ced7a To study the reason behind others behaviour. en-us 2020-07-16 16:25:56 UTC 2023-03-23 06:53:09 UTC hello@padlet.com tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/d1biot3ptw7ced7a/wish/656173266 Psychologist who study all aspects of social behvaiour & social thought. Social psychology is the study of how the presence of people can affect one individual's behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. The group of people that can influence a person is often real, but the imagined or even the implied presence of other people can sometimes alter an individual's behavior or thoughts.]]> 2020-07-16 16:27:39 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/d1biot3ptw7ced7a/wish/656173266 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/d1biot3ptw7ced7a/wish/656176297 The process through which we attempt to answer the questions, to determine the causes behind others behaviours. It is an orderly process in which we examine the others behaviour for cues as to the cause behind what they say or do, then reach our decision.

2 KINDS OF ATTRIBUTION
1- DISPOSITIONAL (Internal):It
assigns the cause of behavior to some internal characteristic of a person, rather than to outside forces. When we explain the behavior of others we look for enduring internal attributions, such as personality traits.

2- SITUATIONAL(External): The process of assigning the cause of behavior to some situation or event outside a person's control rather than to some internal characteristic. When we try to explain our own behavior we tend to make external attributions, such as situational or environment features.

]]> 2020-07-16 16:31:49 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/d1biot3ptw7ced7a/wish/656176297 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/d1biot3ptw7ced7a/wish/656185537 The term covariation simply means that a person has information from multiple observations, at different times and situations, and can perceive the covariation of an observed effect and its causes. The basic method used is the "presence-absence test". The PAT is a basic tenet of experiment in which the conditions "experimental" and "control" conditions helps in judging whether a particular action is the cause of internal factors or external factors.
The basic 3 factors used in assessing are:
1- CONSENSUS: the extent to which other people behave in the same way in a similar situation. They see the way other people respond in the same manner as the person being judged.

2- DISTINCTIVENESS: the extent to which the person behaves in the same way in similar situations.

3- CONSISTENCY: the extent to which the person behaves like this every time the situation occurs.
The person show similar behaviour across time.]]> 2020-07-16 16:43:40 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/d1biot3ptw7ced7a/wish/656185537 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/d1biot3ptw7ced7a/wish/656218419 A combination of high consistency,high consensus and high distinctiveness creates external attribution. Whereas high consistency, combined with low consensus and low distinctiveness determines internal attribution.  ]]> 2020-07-16 17:26:56 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/d1biot3ptw7ced7a/wish/656218419 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/d1biot3ptw7ced7a/wish/656797093 1. Self-serving bias- are those in which people tend to give themselves credit for successes but lay the blame for failures on outside causes. This bias does serve an important role; it helps to protect our self-esteem, the tendency to perceive oneself in an overly favorable manner. It is the belief that individuals tend to ascribe success to their own abilities and efforts, but ascribe failure to external factors. This can be affected by age, culture, clinical diagnosis, and more.
By attributing positive events to personal characteristics, you get a boost in confidence. By blaming outside forces for failures, you protect your self-esteem and absolve yourself from personal responsibility. The self-serving bias is the tendency people have to seek out information and use it in ways that advance their self-interest. In other words, people often unconsciously make decisions that serve themselves in ways that other people might view as indefensible or unethical.
Eg. 

• A student gets a good grade on a test and tells herself that she studied hard or is good at the material. She gets a bad grade on another test and says the teacher doesn’t like her or the test was unfair.
• A job applicant believes he’s been hired because of his achievements, qualifications, and excellent interview. For a previous opening he didn’t receive an offer for, he says the interviewer didn’t like him.

]]> 2020-07-17 09:54:24 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/d1biot3ptw7ced7a/wish/656797093 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/d1biot3ptw7ced7a/wish/657468702 2. False-consensus effect or false-consensus bias- is an attributional type of cognitive bias whereby people tend to overestimate the extent to which their opinions, beliefs, preferences, values, and habits are normal and typical of those of others (i.e., that others also think the same way that they do).This cognitive bias tends to lead to the perception of a consensus that does not exist, a "false consensus". This false consensus is significant because it increases or decreases self-esteem, the (overconfidence effect) or a belief that everyone knows one's own knowledge.
Sometimes individuals tend to believe that others are more similar to them than is actually the case. One reason why this effect is likely to occur is that the people with which we regularly come into contact, we use our knowledge of  similarities to make judgments.
Eg. 

•  The false consensus effect could cause extremists to incorrectly assume that the majority of the population shares their political views, despite the fact that almost everyone disagrees with them.
• A student will engage in taking drugs and smoking because of the mistaken belief that most other students approve of it, its a style statement and all the children of their age do. While in reality most other students disapprove, but behave in the same way because they share the same mistaken (but collectively self-sustaining) belief.

]]> 2020-07-18 16:20:43 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/d1biot3ptw7ced7a/wish/657468702 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/d1biot3ptw7ced7a/wish/657473365 3. Automatic vigilance - is to direct attention toward events that may have undesirable consequences for the perceiver's well-being. Events that may negatively affect the individual are typically of greater time urgency than are events that lead to desirable consequences. The phenomenon of automatic vigilance, where emotional cues in the environment bias subsequent information processing. More precisely, the detection of threatening information can interrupt ongoing cognitive activity in ways that tune subsequent perception, attention, judgment, and even memory towards threat-related outcomes.
In decision making, potential costs are more influential than potential gains. In impression formation, negative information is weighted more heavily than positive information . In non-verbal communication any information which is negatively stated will have more impact than a positively stated message.
Eg,

• In the present circumstances the individuals perception of getting the virus if they step out is stronger than actually going out and doing the work required.  Thus the people prefer to stay indoors even if they have to leave a very important task.
• Someone who has had a very bad experience with driving will in future avoid driving due to the fear of an accident.

]]> 2020-07-18 16:38:29 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/d1biot3ptw7ced7a/wish/657473365 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/d1biot3ptw7ced7a/wish/657755544 Efforts by one or more person to change the attitudes or behaviours of one or more other. It refers to the way in which individuals change their behavior to meet the demands of a social environment.
3 FORMS OF INFLUENCE :
1- OBEDIENCE
2- CONFORMITY
3- COMPLIANCE]]> 2020-07-19 14:02:35 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/d1biot3ptw7ced7a/wish/657755544 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/d1biot3ptw7ced7a/wish/657757399 A form of social influence in which one or more individuals behave in specific ways in response to direct orders from someone. It refers to the situations in the agent has the legitimate right to influence the FP(focal person) and the FP has the legitimate right to obey.
To study Obedience an experiement was conducted by Stanley Miligram in (1961).]]> 2020-07-19 14:10:39 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/d1biot3ptw7ced7a/wish/657757399 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/d1biot3ptw7ced7a/wish/657763121 It is the term used to refer to the situation in which individuals change their beliefs or behaviour so that they become more similar to those of others. Conformity is a type of social influence involving a change in belief or behavior in order to fit in with a group. 
To study Conformity an experiment was conducted by Solomon Asch in (1951).]]> 2020-07-19 14:31:37 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/d1biot3ptw7ced7a/wish/657763121 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/d1biot3ptw7ced7a/wish/657766751 1- Importance of social information.
2- Social comparison
3- Social Disapproval Avoidance.
4- Need to be liked and accepted.

Why do people obey?
1- People feel obliged to follow orders in different professions.
2- Authoritative figures has a grave impact on the individulas.
3- In many situations the orders seem fair for the moment. Intensity of it increases later.]]> 2020-07-19 14:45:37 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/d1biot3ptw7ced7a/wish/657766751