Tissue-Specific Hypersensitivity (Second Mechanism): Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn by https://padlet.com/hschw5800/czw65ul5r8wfv0rd en-us 2022-10-08 19:05:43 UTC 2026-01-16 18:50:19 UTC hello@padlet.com What is Tissue Specific Hypersensitivity? hschw5800 https://padlet.com/hschw5800/czw65ul5r8wfv0rd/wish/2332689420 Type II hypersensitivity is characterized by antibodies attacking antigens located on specific tissues or cells. In the case of the hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, it is the antigens located on erythrocytes, or red blood cells. ]]> 2022-10-09 19:01:52 UTC https://padlet.com/hschw5800/czw65ul5r8wfv0rd/wish/2332689420 Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN) hschw5800 https://padlet.com/hschw5800/czw65ul5r8wfv0rd/wish/2332694911 This alloimmune disorder occurs when antigens in maternal blood and fetal blood are not compatible. The maternal immune system will begin to produce antibodies against fetal erythrocytes and will be seen as foreign to the mother's immune system. HDFN is caused by IgG anti-D alloantibody, an antibody produced by Rh-negative mothers against their Rh-positive fetus' erythrocytes.]]> 2022-10-09 19:10:37 UTC https://padlet.com/hschw5800/czw65ul5r8wfv0rd/wish/2332694911 What are Rh factors? hschw5800 https://padlet.com/hschw5800/czw65ul5r8wfv0rd/wish/2332694997 Antigens that are expressed only on red blood cells, or erythrocytes. If the patient expresses the D antigen on the RhD protein, they are Rh-positive and if they do not have the D antigen, they are Rh-negative.]]> 2022-10-09 19:10:46 UTC https://padlet.com/hschw5800/czw65ul5r8wfv0rd/wish/2332694997 Risk factors hschw5800 https://padlet.com/hschw5800/czw65ul5r8wfv0rd/wish/2332695202 Risk factors for hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn in relationship to tissue-specific hypersensitivity is if the mother is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive and the anti-D antibody therapy has not been given within 72 hours up to 10 days after. Additionally, if the mother has become sensitized to antibody D and has a subsequent pregnancy, it can result in loss of pregnancy due to destruction of the fetal erythrocytes.]]> 2022-10-09 19:11:04 UTC https://padlet.com/hschw5800/czw65ul5r8wfv0rd/wish/2332695202 Cellular pathophysiology hschw5800 https://padlet.com/hschw5800/czw65ul5r8wfv0rd/wish/2332695393 When tissue-specific hypersensitivity occurs the primary effector antibodies are IgG and IgM, while the primary cells are eosinophils, macrophages, platelets, killer cells, and neutrophils. There are type A and type B erythrocytes. There can be incompatibility if the mother is type A and the fetus is type B and vice versa. IgG antibodies produced against type A or B erythrocytes can occur in maternal blood and enter the fetus's circulation through the placenta. ]]> 2022-10-09 19:11:25 UTC https://padlet.com/hschw5800/czw65ul5r8wfv0rd/wish/2332695393 Tissue and Organ Pathophysiology hschw5800 https://padlet.com/hschw5800/czw65ul5r8wfv0rd/wish/2332695650 In type II hypersensitivity mechanisms, the mother will produce antibodies against fetal erythrocytes if they are not Rh compatible. If this occurs, IgG can enter fetal circulation via the placenta and can bind to the fetal erythrocytes producing antibody-mediated hemolysis. ]]> 2022-10-09 19:11:46 UTC https://padlet.com/hschw5800/czw65ul5r8wfv0rd/wish/2332695650 Clinical Manifestations hschw5800 https://padlet.com/hschw5800/czw65ul5r8wfv0rd/wish/2332695850 In neonates born with HDFN, in mild cases they may appear pale with an enlarged liver and spleen. In severe cases, these symptoms will be more pronounces and can cause cardiovascular shock or failure. Although, these are rare manifestations due to the use IgG anti-D immunoglobulin therapy. Erythrocyte destruction can also continue after the fetus is born, which can cause jaundice in the neonate, bilirubin in the brain  (kernicterus) which can cause death, developmental delays, and cerebral palsy. ]]> 2022-10-09 19:12:07 UTC https://padlet.com/hschw5800/czw65ul5r8wfv0rd/wish/2332695850 Therapeutic Management hschw5800 https://padlet.com/hschw5800/czw65ul5r8wfv0rd/wish/2332696014 To treat Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, prophylactic IgG anti-D immunoglobulin therapy is utilized. When the anti-D antibody therapy is used when the mother/fetus are exposed to RhD-positive erythrocytes, they will no longer be sensitive to the D antigen on the opposing erythrocyte. It is important this therapy is administered within 72 hours so the mother will not produce antibodies against antigen D. This will prevent further complications in future complications from HDFN. After birth, the neonate can receive transfusions with Rh-positive blood so it is not contaminated with the antibodies produced by the maternal blood. ]]> 2022-10-09 19:12:24 UTC https://padlet.com/hschw5800/czw65ul5r8wfv0rd/wish/2332696014 Is HDFN a traditional representation of tissue specific hypersensitivity? hschw5800 https://padlet.com/hschw5800/czw65ul5r8wfv0rd/wish/2332696539 Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn is a traditional representation of tissue specific hypersensitivity. It involves the principal antibody IgG and antibodies being produced against antigens on a tissue or cell, in this case it is a red blood cell or erythrocyte. The antibodies produced against the fetal erythrocytes in maternal blood result in destruction of the red blood cells, one of the five mechanisms of tissue-specific hypersensitivity.]]> 2022-10-09 19:13:10 UTC https://padlet.com/hschw5800/czw65ul5r8wfv0rd/wish/2332696539 bskin0730 https://padlet.com/hschw5800/czw65ul5r8wfv0rd/wish/2333961251 2022-10-10 17:30:40 UTC https://padlet.com/hschw5800/czw65ul5r8wfv0rd/wish/2333961251 hschw5800 https://padlet.com/hschw5800/czw65ul5r8wfv0rd/wish/2334472971 2022-10-11 02:22:10 UTC https://padlet.com/hschw5800/czw65ul5r8wfv0rd/wish/2334472971 Sources hschw5800 https://padlet.com/hschw5800/czw65ul5r8wfv0rd/wish/2334489089 Clinical Manifestations of HDFN. (2022). MedLabStudyHall
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Stanford Medicine Children’s Health. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2022, from https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=hemolytic-disease-of-the-newborn-90-P02368
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