Issues: 

Lingering Problems: 

The European set borders did not take into consideration that different tribes, sometimes rival tribes, so when Nigeria gained its independence and became its own nation-state leading tribes were being set in the same nation-state causing conflict within it that ended up leading to a civil war between leading tribes of Nigeria.

LEADERS:
 When Nigeria gained its independence as a nation-state three tribes were leading, but when a civil war broke out the nation had been put under martial law (temporary military rule) then as time went on the nation was handed back to civil rule this. However, was short lived due to ethnic divisions in the nation and corruption, the military took over once again. Yet this time it was viewed as a dictatorship and the leader was replaced by General Sani Abacha. In his death another general by the name Abdulsalami Abubakar ended military rule, 1999. Finally Nigeria had it first civilian president, Olusegun Obasanjo. 

 
METHODS:

LINGERING PROBLEMS:

The separation of South Africa from the Dutch and British control due to the racial conflict that was presented within those countries making South Africa independent. Which would then lead to the creation of apartheid, later on would be debated upon as to of whether or not it was a interest and didn't/hadn't affected communities from racial differences. Conflicts between a racially divided South Africa in which a minority of White South Africans controlled a majority Black South Africans. Additionally, South Africa had a constitutional government with a constitution giving power to Whites and banned Black's rights. After independence, White South Africans created a policy of complete race separation, apartheid.

In 1912 the formation of the African National Congress (ANC) began with Nelson Mandela as the leader. Desmond Tutu, had earn the Nobel Peace prize when leading an anti-apartheid economic campaign. In April of 1944 South Africa had their 1st multiracial election. Among candidates for president were Nelson Mandela from ANC and F. W. de Klerk from the National Assembly (the current at the time president who set the election). The winner by 63% was the ANC's  Nelson Mandela although he left office in 1999, the democratic government still continues.

Desmond Tutu's boycotts had contributed to the isolation of South Africa, which involved the imposition of trade restrictions, banning South Africa from the Olympic games. (All methods done by Tutu were considered harmless) 

Nelson Mandela  was the ANC (African National Congress) leader. Participating in the black protest, organizing strikes and boycotts. The ANC organized strikes and boycotts to protest the racist policies As a result the government banned the ANC and arrested Nelson Mandela.

South Africa, though had created a democratic constitution which have gave equal rights for all citizens, and undergone in some political changes, South Africa still suffered with high crime rates of murder and rape, unemployment was about 40% among South Africa's blacks, while 60% lived in poverty, and economic downturn caused discouragement in foreign investment. 

Leaders: Mustafa Kemal successfully led Turkish nationalists in fighting back the Greeks. In 1923 he became the president of the new Republic of  Turkey and helped it gain a new sense of its national identity.
Methods: Turkey was transformed into a modern nation by imposing laws such as granting women the right to vote and creating a new legal system based on European law.
Lingering problems: Religion based problems between Kurds and Turkish people. It is an armed conflict that started in 1978.

Leaders: Sukarno was the one leading the effort to form an independent Indonesia. He proclaimed Indonesia’s independence and made himself president. Sukarno took the official title of “life-time president” and attempted to guide the nation in a parliamentary democracy. Sukarno wasn’t able to manage the country and it slid downhill. A general named Suharto managed to put it in order, he took power and was named president in 1967. Indonesia turned into a police state and imposed martial law.

Methods : Both efforts to create a democratic government and to maintain Indonesia’s economy both failed. Inflation was at an all time high and people started to rebel. The general , Suharto, seized presidency for himself and ended up killing 500,000 to 1 million people. He tuned Indonesia into a police state and adopted martial laws. About a decade after his wrong doings , he was criticized for his cruel/inhumane actions. 

Lingering Problems : East Timor had slipped under Indonesia’s nose and wanted to gain back their freedom. A man by the name of Jose Ramos Horta, an East Timor independence campaigner tried gaining independence for the region without violence. An election for East Timorese to gain their independence angered pro-Indonesian forces, they ignored the results and went on a bloody rampage. Eventually, the UN brought peace. 

Methods: 

Lingering Problems: 

Leaders: Mohandas Gandhi- Gandhi attempted to launch a nonviolent campaign of noncooperation with the British. This was to try to show Britain that India was going to make their own decision, and that Britain would not be in control of them. Officials imprisoned numerous nationalists for action. Britain tried other ways to gain support of India but was unsuccessful since none of their offers included Indian independence. Later, while India and Pakistan were building their nation, 10 million people were moving to Pakistan. As people moved to relocate, violence amount the different religious groups erupted. Muslims killed Sikhs who were moving into India and Hindus/Sikhs killed Muslims who were headed into Pakistan. Gandhi later tried to plead for fair treatment of Muslim refugees. While there, he himself became a victim of the nation’s violence. A Hindu extremist who thought Gandhi too protective of Muslims shot and killed him on January 30, 1948.  Mohammad Ali Jinnah- Served as spokesperson for the Muslim League Nehru- He served as India’s leader for its first 17 years of independence. He had been one of Gandhi’s most devoted followers. Educated in Britain, Nehru won popularity among all groups in India. He emphasized democracy, unity, and economic modernization. Since his leadership, tensions haven’t been as big as before, although simmering religious tensions still occasionally boil over in violence and reprisal.

Gandhi's Tactics of Nonviolence- His method was to battle injustice with a religious approach and so he blended major religious ideas into his teachings . He believed in nonviolent tactics like boycotting, strikes & demonstrations, and marches. 

Jinnah's rejection of Hindu leadership-  Jinnah wouldn’t accept Indian independence if the Congress party was dominated by Hindus. She stated that there was nothing that Indians had in common with Hindus other than their slavery to the British. 
Lingering Problems: 

Kashmir Wars: After the independence, Pakistan and India began battling each other for control of Kashmir. A cease-fire in 1949 left a third of Kashmir under Pakistan control and the rest under Indian control, the two countries continue to fight over the region today. 

Religious Tensions: In 1984 , Indian army troops overran the Golden Temple. They killed about 500 Sikhs and destroyed sacred property.

Nuclear Weapons: Indian officials conducted five underground nuclear tests. Pakistan built their own nuclear program. India conducted nuclear tests, and Pakistan demonstrated that they had nuclear weapons too.

Problems with Pakistan?: Pakistan had a civil war within Pakistan. Western and Eastern separated and became their own individual nation.

 Leaders: 

Kwame Nkrumah – Nkrumah lead a non-violent movement in 1947 to free the gold coast from Great Britain, using tactics like boycotts and strikes, though arrested multiple times by the British, he was successful in liberating the new nation of Ghana. As the first Prime Minister, Kwame Nkrumah advocated for new roads, schools, and larger health facilities. Wanted rapid industrialization to catch up, healthcare/wealth fare, and better education. 

Lingering problems:
- National borders separated people with similar cultures.
- They also enclosed traditional enemies who began fighting each other after the Europeans left.
- This led to instability, violence, and an overall struggle to deal with their newly gained independence.

Methods:
- Critical forms of education and persuasion.
- Mass noncooperation.
- Civil disobedience.
- Nonviolent direct action.
- Nonviolent protest.
- and social, political, cultural, and economic forms of intervention. 

Leaders: British settlers who had taken over prize farmlands resisted Kenyan independence. They were forced to accept African self-government.  One development was of a group called The Mau Mau which used guerilla war tactics attack british farmers and push them out of the highlands. Another was the leadership of Jomo Kenyatta. After Kenya was granted independence, Jomo Kenyatta became president and sought to unite the many ethnic and language groups. 

Methods: “The Negritude Movement” was a movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, and values. Nkrumah (leader of non violent movement) worked to liberate the Gold Coast from the British, so he organized strikes and boycotts and was often imprisoned by the British government. Nkrumah pushed forward new roads, new schools, and expanded health facilities. He also had good intentions for industrialization, health, warfare, and expanded school facilities.

 Lingering Problems: After the death of Kenyatta, Daniel arap Moi governed the country but was less successful.. Having added to the nations woes were corruption to Moi’s government and ethnic conflicts that killed hundreds and left thousands homeless. 

 

Methods:
The 3 tribes of Nigeria fought for power all the time. There was a war with the Igbo and the Hausa-Fulani where the Igbo in the east seceded and another war was waged to reunite Nigeria. But the Nigerian gov didn’t punish the Igbo, instead they paid to rebuild the Igbo regions. Ken Saro-Wiwa was a political activist that used a non-violent approach at reform and smuggles many manuscripts out prison but then sentenced to death shortly after.

Lingering Problems:
A major lingering problem was the military v civilian rule. Many times Nigeria use both and many times both were overturned either by the gov returning democracy or the gov taking over again. The Hausa-Fulani is an example of corrupt rule in Nigeria. And in 1999 the Nigerians elected their first civilian president which brought another democracy in Nigeria.