In Packet Switching directly data transfer takes place

1. Data Segmentation and Reassembly

• Splits large messages into smaller packets.

• Reassembles packets in the correct order at the destination.

2. Routing and Forwarding

• Determines the best path for each packet based on network conditions.

• Forwards packets from one node to another toward the destination.

3. Error Detection and Correction

• Includes error-checking mechanisms (e.g., checksums) to detect corrupted packets.

• Requests retransmission of lost or damaged packets.

4. Traffic Management and Congestion Control

• Manages network traffic to prevent congestion.

• Uses techniques like queue management and flow control.

5. Multiplexing and Resource Efficiency

• Allows multiple communications to share the same network resources.

• Improves efficiency compared to circuit switching.

6. Adaptive Transmission

• Adjusts routing dynamically in response to network failures or congestion.

• Ensures reliability and efficient data delivery.

2. Data Transmission – Once the circuit is established, data flows continuously and exclusively through the dedicated channel.

3. Call Termination – After communication is complete, the circuit is disconnected, freeing up network resources for other users.

In Packet switching, each data unit just knows the final destination address intermediate path is decided by the routers

2. Scalability – Can handle large amounts of data and network users without major issues.

3. Fault Tolerance – If a particular route fails, packets can be rerouted, ensuring communication continues.

The delay between data units in packet switching is not uniform.

Circuit switching is more reliable.

Packet switching is less reliable.

2. Overhead – Each packet carries additional information (headers), increasing the data size and requiring more processing power.

3. Potential for Packet Loss – Congestion and network failures can lead to dropped packets.

2. Takes Time to Connect – Setting up the circuit before sending data can be slow.

3. Hard to Handle Many Users – Needs a lot of infrastructure, making it difficult to serve a large number of people at once.

4. Expensive – Requires dedicated cables and equipment, which costs more than newer technologies like packet switching.

path, or circuit, is established between two devices before data transmission

begins. The circuit remains dedicated to the communication for the duration of

the session, and no other devices can use it while the session is in progress.

Circuit switching is commonly used in voice communication and some types of

data communication.

Packet switching is implemented at the datalink layer and network layer

2. Fast Once Connected – No delays once the circuit is set up, so voice and video work smoothly.

3. No Data Loss – Since the path is fixed, data is sent in order without getting lost or mixed up.

4. More Secure – The dedicated line makes it harder for others to access the data