-->IN 2005

The phrase "Big Bang Theory" has been popular among astrophysicists for decades, but it hit the mainstream in 2007 when a comedy T.V show with the same name premiered on CBS. The Big Bang Theory is an effort to explain what happened before the birth of our universe. Various discoveries and assumptions have lead people to believe that this universe actually had a beginning. According to various astrophysicists and their theories, the universe just sprang into existence as a "SINGULARITY" some 13.7 billion years ago.

SINGULARITY : The topic which is still unknown to the scholars. But many astrophysicists believe it exits at the very core of a Black Hole. Black Holes are ares of very high and intense pressure. This pressure is thought to be so intense that any matter literally gets squished inside it. These zones of infinite pressure are known as "SINGULARITIES"

There are many misconceptions regarding this theory. The first and foremost one is that "The big Bang Theory" was a huge explosion. Experts however say that there was no explosion. They rather believe it as an expansion. Secondly, people tend to imagine a "SINGULARITY" as a fireball in space. But according to the experts, space did not exist before Big Bang. Back in the late '60s and early '70s, three British astrophysicists," Steven Hawking", "George Ellis", and "Roger Penrose" turned their attention to the Theory of Relativity and its implications regarding common public's idea of time. According to their calculations, time and space had a finite beginning that corresponded to the origin of matter and energy. The "SINGULARITY" didn't appear in space, rather, space began inside of the "SINGULARITY". Prior to the "SINGULARITY", nothing existed, not space, time, matter, or energy - nothing.

Basically, the notions which support The Big Bang Theory are :-

1.) We are reasonably certain that the universe had a beginning.

2.) Galaxies appear to be moving away at speeds proportional to their distance. This is called "Hubble's Law" , named after Edwin Hubble who discovered this phenomenon in 1929. This observation supports the expansion of the universe and suggests that the universe was once compacted.

3.) If the universe was initially very, very hot as the theory suggests, we should be able to find some remnant of this heat. In 1965, Radioastronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered a 2.725 degree Kelvin (-454.765 degree Fahrenheit, -270.425 degree Celsius) Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation which pervades the observable universe. This is thought to be the remnant which scientists were looking for.

4.) The abundance of elements like Hydrogen and Helium found in this universe are thought to support the Big Bang model of origins.

BLACK HOLE: In simple terms, a black hole is a region of nothingness.The theory says that when the core of a star collapses, its volume becomes zero and thus its density tends to be infinite, thus creating a region of very strong gravitational field.This is called a black hole. The gravitational field of a black hole is so strong that even light cannot escape.

A black hole can only be spotted, not explored,due to its strong gravitational field.due to this, the scientists have not been able to study a black hole completely.Many questions like "Where does a particle go after entering into a black hole?" or "Does a black hole serve as a passage between two universes?" still remain unanswered.

1.  What is a black hole? How does is it come into existence?

ANS:  A black hole is a region of absolute vacuum. When a star undergoes its supernova explosion, its core collapses and its volume closes to zero. Due to this its density tends to become infinite. Due to such a high density, a region of very strong gravitational field is created. This region of super strong gravitational field is called a black hole. Mostly, stars having mass 20 times that of the sun, form black holes after their end of lives.

2.  How can a black hole be detected?

ANS:  Although a black hole cannot be seen but it can be detected by observing the movements of  the objects around it.  The following effects  are used  by astrophysicists to detect black holes:

• Mass estimates from objects orbiting a black hole or spiralling into the core
• Gravitational lens effects
• Emitted radiation

WHEN AND WHERE DID THE

STUDY OF THE BLACK HOLE BEGIN?

ANS:  The idea of a black hole, a body so massive that even light cannot escape, was first penned by physicist  ‘John Mischell’ in a letter written to  ‘Henry Cavendish’  of Royal Society in 1783, stating that:

If the semi-diameter of a sphere of the same density as the Sun were to exceed that of the Sun in the proportion of 500 to 1, a body falling from an infinite height towards it would have acquired at its surface greater velocity than that of light, and consequently supposing light to be attracted by the same force in proportion to its vis inertiae, with other bodies, all light emitted from such a body would be made to return towards it by its own proper gravity.

— John Michell

In 1796, mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace proposed the same idea in the first and second editions of his book  “Exposition du system du Monde”,  but his idea was ignored because the concept of a mass less radiation like light getting influenced by gravity, was not understood then.

THE HEART OF THE STUDY OF THEORY OF BLACK HOLE- “ THE BLACK HOLE INFORMATION PARADOX.”

The  “black hole information paradox” is a result of the combination of quantum mechanics and general relativity.  It states that the physical information of any particle or wave can disappear within a black hole.

As suggested by the scientist Stephen Hawking, black hole emits particles known as “Stephen Hawking radiation”. He suggested that the information of any particle entering into the black hole is not stored in the interior of the black hole, but is stored in its boundary, called “event horizon”. This information is then emitted in a scrambled form which is very difficult to decode. This is the “information paradox of a black hole.”

3.) In 1912 Vesto Sliper measured the first Doppler Shift of a "Spiral Nebula" (spiral nebula is the obsolete term for spiral galaxies), and soon discovered that almost all such galaxies were moving away from Earth.

4.)10 years later, Alexander Friedmann, a Russian Cosmologist and mathematician, derived the Friedmann equations from Einstein's equations of relativity, showing that the universe might be expanding in contrast to the static universe model .

5.)In 1924 Edwin Hubble's measurement of the great distance to the nearest spiral nebula showed that these systems were indeed other galaxies.

6.)In 1927, Geoges Lemaitre, a Belgian physicist , proposed that the recession of the galaxies was due to the expansion of the universe.

7.) After 1945, two major possibilities emerged. One was Fred Hoyle's "Steady State Model", in which new matter would be created as the universe expanded. In this model the universe is almost the same at any point in time. The other was Lemaitre's Big Bang theory, developed by George Gamvow, who introduced Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and whose collegues, Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman, predicted the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Radiation.

8.) Thus, after around 2 decades later, it was finally decided upon that "The Big Bang Theory" was more accurate than the other Steady State Model.

Some of the articles have also been taken from ASE journals from the website astronomydinburgh.org.

The theory of black hole information paradox has been studied from the lecturers given by Stephen hawking.

It was published by (Bantam Dell Publishing Group) in the year 1988, it was the first edition and my extract was from the 10th edition published in the year 1998

I started from searching "Journals on The Big Bang Theory" in google.

There I found out Stephen Hawking's official website which contained his lectures on the same. I also got some data from NASA's official website.

2. Interstellar matter: Interstellar matter is the matter that exists in space between the star systems.The matter includes gas in ionic state.dust particles etc.

3. Accretion: The growth or increase by gradual accumulation of additional layers of matter.

4. Supernova explosion: The phase of a star in which it explodes in a catastrophic explosion in which most of its mass gets ejected.

5. Stellar collision: Stellar collision occurs when two stars combine,due to their gravitational forces to form a single star.

6. 'Stellar mass' black hole: It is a black hole formed due to the gravitational collapse of a very massive star.

7. Paradox: An absurd or contradictory statement, which when investigated, be founded true.

There are many applications of the Big Bang Theory , like :

 1.) High performance computing (HPC) :

The use of HPC , for image processing , 3D visualization , power and security systems.

2.) Space weather modelling :

Weather modelling and climate change.

3.) In optics :

Airborne or space-based remote sensing and adaptive optics.

4.) High performance statistical analysis and simulation techniques :

Large scale numerical simulation for image analysis and data handling techniques, financial and healthcare sectors.

 5.) It is possible to calculate the concentration of all isotopes of Helium (He), Deuterium, and an isotope of Lithium in the universe in terms of ratios to the amount of ordinary Hydrogen(H2) . The relative abundances depend on a single parameter, the ratio of Photons to Baryons. This value can be calculated independently from the detailed structure of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) fluctuations.

It is a common notion that the study of astronomy does not have a direct influence in our daily lives, as it is not a quicker source of obtaining money.

Space study is a slow growing subject,but the research work done in this subject has many applications in different fields.The study of astronomy pushes the limits of our current technology thereby contributing to the development of new and innovative methods in terms of instruments, processes and software to get things done.The fruits of the research in astronomy can be seen in fields like optics, electronics, advanced computing, communication satellites, solar panels and MRI Scanners etc.

MEDICINE 

The study of astronomy and medicine can be combined to develop advanced method of diagnosis.The most notable among the applications is the method of aperture synthesis.This technology is now used in Computerized Tomography which is commonly called CT scan. 

PLANETARY SYSTEMS

Our planet is under the direct influence of the Sun which directly affects the climate on Earth.Thus astronomy helps us to understand the dynamics of the Sun and other stars,climate changes on earth,to study different solar systems etc.

COMMUNICATION

Astronomy has many applications in the communication sector.Radio astronomy has given birth to excellent communication tools, devices and data processing methods.

AEROSPACE AND DEFENCE

Astronomy and the aerospace industry share many technologies that include telescope instrumentation, imaging and processing techniques for images. A defense satellite is basically a telescope that is pointed towards earth and thus use very identical technology and hardware to that of astronomy. The methods used to differentiate between rocket plumes and cosmic objects in stellar atmosphere models are similar as well. They are studied for use in early warning systems.

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The above mentioned areas are those in which the study of astrophysics has been applied.But many more secrets of the universe like white holes, worm holes,life on other planets etc. are still hidden from us.Thus, it can be expected that the study of astronomy will open the gates of the universe in the future.

In my opinion, our team has the quality of relaying each and every data about ASTROPHYSICS in the most simplest form and making it readable from a layman view-point.

We achieved this by providing various articles, books, images, and videos depicting the History, Development, and Applications of our respective topics.

We hope you find this report very informative and useful.

Acually the further discoveries or the evolution of the perfect view over the space -time relationshiop lead to teleportaion which definitely disturbs the whole man kind and everything would be in a chaos and according to my perceptive power there would be no life on earth because to teleport or to time travel we have to attain the speed equal or above to light which would not allow us to be right here on earth and also to say it's easy to make technically impossible we can transport many machineries to any space - time coordinate in a flash.For such a thing our scientists are really sacrificing their lives to just add something to the research or that field of exploration.

Taking in consideration the present scenario, it is practically not possible to get answers to questions like "is inter-universe travel possible?" "is time travel possible?" "is our universe inhabited by some other beings too?".The technology that we have developed is not sufficient to suffice the above questions, and those we are left with nothing but theories and paradoxes.

The area where the research in astrophysics be applied presently is "Mars Colonization".Advanced methodologies can be used to increase the oxygen level on Mars.

According to our Hindu mythology,the changes taking place in the universe have direct effect on human beings. It is believed that the motion of the planets in our solar system have direct effect on us.Thus with the help of our vedic science and modern astrotechnology it might be possible to understand the universe in a better way.

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Moreover let us expect that in future more sophisticated and advanced technology would be invented which would help our future generation to get the answers to the the questions which we could not get.