https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk Nancy Greenspan en-us 2022-02-04 16:19:01 UTC 2022-04-02 04:27:42 UTC hello@padlet.com phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2072651040 * One a Sunday Evening, Max Born was chilling upstairs in his sitting room listening to the radio.
* He was interested in quantum Physics. 
* "Born's forty-five year career of shaping the theoretical physics of the future had reached its end." (1)]]> 2022-03-02 02:13:11 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2072651040 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2072652642 * Born's seventy-first birthday]]> 2022-03-02 02:14:05 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2072652642 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2072660789 Max Born's 5th birthday. He's always wanted a pair of Lovebirds. His grandma said she'd get him one, to his disappointment, he did not get a pair of lovebirds. He misunderstood, they were from his Uncle Max Kauffmann]]> 2022-03-02 02:18:40 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2072660789 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2072666019 "Gretchen Kauffmann Born had died a year and a half earlier, in summer 1886. Pregnant with her third child, she had fled the heat of Breslau for the cooler air and forest beauty of Tannhausen, Her parents' country estate. In this sanctuary southwest of Breslau, she hoped to find relief from the searing pain of gallstones. Max and his two-year -old sister, Käthe, came with her."(5)]]> 2022-03-02 02:22:09 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2072666019 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2072672514 "Gustav Born and Gretchen (for Margarethe) Kauffmann met in Breslau in 1880. He had come to Breslau six years earlier to be an assistant researcher in the anatomy department at the university. He love was embryology; he was beginning a serious investigation of hybridization, artificially inseminating frog eggs." (6)]]> 2022-03-02 02:26:26 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2072672514 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2072677413 "Gretchen and Gustav married at Tannhausen. To make sure their daughter would maintain her social position, the Kauffmanns provided the new couple with a large annual allowance along with access to all the family trappings [...]" (7)]]> 2022-03-02 02:29:48 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2072677413 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2072680115 The birth of Max Born]]> 2022-03-02 02:31:34 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2072680115 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2072681261 The birth of Käthe Kauffmann]]> 2022-03-02 02:32:17 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2072681261 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2072682399 The death of Gretchen Born in Tanhausen.]]> 2022-03-02 02:33:04 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2072682399 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2072688691 'Gustav indulged his love for biology at serious emotional cost. From his start at the Institute of Anatomy in 1874 [...]" (10)]]> 2022-03-02 02:37:15 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2072688691 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2072691563 The marriage of Fanny Ebstein and Marcus Born. Gustav's Father]]> 2022-03-02 02:39:12 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2072691563 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2075065655 Six years after Gretchen's death, Gustav remarried to a woman named Bertha Lipstien. Max was 9 1/2 and Käthe was 8]]> 2022-03-03 04:43:24 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2075065655 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2075075971 "[...] in 1835, his father, who was modestly successful at his trade, became a naturalized citizen of the state of Prussia." (14)]]> 2022-03-03 04:50:16 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2075075971 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2075084012 "[...] the Buttermilch sons became known as Born, Germany for 'rejuvenating spring'. They were now, as Marcus said, 'one syllable men' in the High German tradition." (15)]]> 2022-03-03 04:56:12 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2075084012 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2075093255 "Gretchen's grandfather - Salomon's father- left the family business in Frankfurt am Oder, crossed the river into Silesia, and set up a small white goods shop in Schweidnitz. By 1843, he had expanded to Breslau, where he sent his oldest son, nineteen-year-old Salomon, as the firm's representative." (15)

]]> 2022-03-03 05:03:00 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2075093255 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2077258329 Gustav met Margarethe Kauffmann]]> 2022-03-04 04:08:08 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2077258329 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2077275741 "One evening in the winter of 1897-1898, Gustav arrived early for a dinner party at his sister Selma's and lay down to rest. Shortly afterward she heard him call for help. Hurrying in, she saw him covered with perspiration. Her husband, Joseph, who was also Gustav's Physician, found his pulse and heart weak enough for him to die at that moment. He survived that night [...]" (18-19)]]> 2022-03-04 04:20:14 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2077275741 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2077280697 The death of Gustav Kauffmann, due to a heart attack. He was 49 years old, Max was not yet 18, and Käthe was 16]]> 2022-03-04 04:23:38 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2077280697 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2079554712 "Born arrived in the small Hanoverian town for the beginning of the summer semester in April 1904" (26)]]> 2022-03-06 02:24:23 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2079554712 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2079556675 "From his first days in Gottingen in 1895, Hilbert had operated outside the behavioral confines of German academia. An inviolate social barrier placed students on one side and professors on the other [...]" (28)]]> 2022-03-06 02:28:50 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2079556675 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2083093109 "In the winter semester of 1905-1905, Klein and the professors of applied mechanics Carl Runge and Ludwig Prandtl held a seminar on elasticity, in keeping with Klein's philosophy of practical mathematical application." (30)]]> 2022-03-08 03:14:05 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2083093109 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2083206262 "Cambridge physicist J.J. Thompson had discovered the electron, the first subatomic particle, in 1897." (32)]]> 2022-03-08 04:29:16 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2083206262 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2083212892 "On July 11, 1906, Born arrived at the Aula at 6:00 P.M. wearing the requisite formal dress suit, top hat, and white gloves." (35)]]> 2022-03-08 04:33:48 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2083212892 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2085333882 "On January 27, 1907, the Second Dragoon Guards awoke early and arrayed themselves in spiked helmet and parade dress with all flourishes. Born and the rest of the guards marched from their barracks at Tempelhof though miles of streets to the center of Berlin." (36)]]> 2022-03-09 04:16:29 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2085333882 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2085342251 "[...] in 1871, sixty years after his death, the eighth duke of Devonshire, a member of the family, endowed the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University" (37)
'His' = Henry Cavendish]]> 2022-03-09 04:23:57 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2085342251 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2087553030 "During the summer days of 1905 electron seminar, he had concluded that there was no absolute motion and no absolute time, as postulate in classical theory, because there was no absolute point of reference." (42)
'He' - Hermann Minkowski ]]> 2022-03-10 04:32:41 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2087553030 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2087554964 Hermann Minkowski had published an article in the Gottingen Nachrichten, the journal of the Gottingen Academy of Science, entitled "The Basic Equations of the Electromagnetic Phenomena in Moving Bodies".]]> 2022-03-10 04:34:07 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2087554964 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2087562520 "On September 21, he heard Minkowski's renowned lecture on space and time. 'Henceforth, space by itself and time by itself, are doomed to fade away into mere shadows, and only a kind of union of the two will preserve an independent reality [...]'" (43)]]> 2022-03-10 04:39:40 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2087562520 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2087564570 Born arrived in Gottingen on November 10th, 1908.]]> 2022-03-10 04:41:09 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2087564570 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2087571158 The death of Minkowsi at the age of 44 due to an an serious illness with appendicitis ]]> 2022-03-10 04:45:35 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2087571158 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2087589139 "In 1909 Germany, only about twenty full professors out of twelve hundred were Jewish. At many universities, an unwritten rule allowed no more than one Jewish professor in any specific faculty. Gottingen had only broken the rule in 1902 [...]" (47)]]> 2022-03-10 04:57:33 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2087589139 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2089799291 "Once Born was back in Gottingen, professors in the philosophical faculty came to the Aula on Saturday, October 23, by invitation of the dean." (49)]]> 2022-03-11 04:44:58 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2089799291 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2089802677 "In fall 1909, Born settled down to the life of a young Gottingen academic: Lecturing, researching, and enjoying evenings with colleagues." (51)]]> 2022-03-11 04:47:23 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2089802677 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2089804762 "In summer 1911, Albert Michelson, of the Michelson-Morley team --whose experiments Born had studied in the electron seminar--visited from the University of Chicago." (51)]]> 2022-03-11 04:49:09 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2089804762 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2089806388 "A few months after Michelson left, he invited Max to give a course on relativity at the University of Chicago during the 1912 summer seminar" (51)]]> 2022-03-11 04:50:29 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2089806388 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2089809776 "In fall 1911, just before El Bokarebo, Born was lecturing on the kinetic theory of gases and still 'drowning in the formalism of relativity theory,' as he would describe it ten years later." (54)]]> 2022-03-11 04:53:15 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2089809776 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2097236309 "In 1906, Einstein came up with an explanation by merging the statistical mechanics of James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann with Max Planck's new quantum hypothesis." (54)]]> 2022-03-16 03:33:57 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2097236309 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2097241271 "They Physikalische Zeitschrift received Born and von Karman's paper on March 20, 1912, for publication the following month." (55)]]> 2022-03-16 03:36:56 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2097241271 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2097244229 "One of these, an old friend of Iris Runge's, arrived at the university in fall 1912 to take various lecture courses" (57)]]> 2022-03-16 03:39:32 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2097244229 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2097250968 Max and Hedi became engaged.]]> 2022-03-16 03:45:45 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2097250968 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2097254114 "On August 2, 1913, family and friends gathered in the Berlin suburb of Grunau, where Kathe Born Konigsberger had moved with architect husband Georg shortly after their marriage in 1906" (59)]]> 2022-03-16 03:48:45 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2097254114 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2097256446 Marriage of Kathe Born and Georg Konigsberger]]> 2022-03-16 03:50:51 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2097256446 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2100566319 Max's trip to America]]> 2022-03-17 17:56:06 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2100566319 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2100571369 "In March 1914, after a few religion lessons in Berlin, he was baptized a Lutheran by the pastor who had married him to Hedi." (61)]]> 2022-03-17 17:59:13 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2100571369 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2100587188 "As for Born's research, by the end of 1913, he had published an impressive twenty-seven articles." (62)]]> 2022-03-17 18:09:19 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2100587188 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2100822968 "Six days later, on May 25, a daughter arrived, and they named her Irene, after the goddess of peace." (62)]]> 2022-03-17 21:33:18 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2100822968 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2100823980 "On October 4, 1914, ninety-three eminent German scientists and intellectuals (including Max Plank and Paul Ehrlich) put themselves on record in the Manifesto of the 93" (65)]]> 2022-03-17 21:34:31 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2100823980 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2100824750 "Plank's promise letter arrived on November 27, The faculty had reconvened, Planck had sent Born's name forward as first choice, and was awaiting the reply." (66)]]> 2022-03-17 21:35:34 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2100824750 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2100826102 "New Year 1915 started with great promise, until they received Max Planck's letter of January 6. With deep regret, Planck explained 'that the matter of your call has taken a new direction.'" (66)]]> 2022-03-17 21:37:27 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2100826102 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2100826631 "By March 11, 1915, Max, Hedi, and Irene were on their way to prepare for the spring semester at the University of Berlin." (67)]]> 2022-03-17 21:38:10 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2100826631 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2102531372 "Haber, a native of Berslau and part of the Neisser social circle, was a brilliant chemist who would win the 1918 Nobel Prize." (69)]]> 2022-03-18 21:18:19 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2102531372 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2102531949 "When Haber and Born met, April 22 had already passed." (69)]]> 2022-03-18 21:19:06 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2102531949 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2102533328 "On March 15, just after arriving in Berlin and Consulting with Max Planck, he enlisted in a communication unit on physicists and technicians assigned to operate 'wireless' systems such as telegraphs" (70)]]> 2022-03-18 21:21:32 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2102533328 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2102535222 "The thirty-seven-year-old Einstein was a pacifist, an internationalist, and since 1901 a Swiss citizen. He had been in Berlin only since 1914, when Max Planck and Walther Nernst recruited him as the director of Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, one of several new science research facilities." (73)]]> 2022-03-18 21:24:38 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2102535222 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2102536185 "Born and Einstein's brief meetings at conferences over these years had not led to friendship; but once in Berlin, Born sought him out, and by fall 1915, they had become friends." (74)]]> 2022-03-18 21:26:14 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2102536185 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2102541222 "Einstein's first visit to the Borns' home in Early 1916 was to play duets with Born." (74)]]> 2022-03-18 21:35:40 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2102541222 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2102542078 "Born discovered his other philosophical refuge around the corner. During summer 1916, baby Irene developed a serious skin infection, and Arnold Berliner, ever ready with a medical referral, suggested Dr. Alfered Blaschko, as well-known dermatologist." (75)]]> 2022-03-18 21:37:11 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2102542078 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2105966165 "He made his most important public contribution by drafting Germany's first 'Law for Combating Venereal Diseases,' although he did not live long enough to see the Reichstag pass it in 1917" (76)
"He" - Blaschko a 58 year old internationalist and activist. ]]> 2022-03-21 18:33:31 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2105966165 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2106164566 "In November 1915, she had given birth to Margarethe (named after Max's mother)." (76-77)
"She" - Hedi, Max's wife]]> 2022-03-21 20:56:43 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2106164566 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2106167457 "Herkner had already seen war service in Flanders, Soisson, the Donau Crossing, and Verdun before the APK transfer papers finally reached him on November 19, 1917." (78)]]> 2022-03-21 20:59:33 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2106167457 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2106170530 "In 1917, he wrote to a colleague, 'I am but a soldier and do not have time to publish,' and in 1918, in a thank-you note to Niels Bohr for sending him a 'beautiful paper on quantum theory,' he wrote [...]"]]> 2022-03-21 21:02:37 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2106170530 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2108239688 "In fall 1917, Einstein had moved to Haberlandstrasse in the Bavarian Quarter, next door to his cousin Elsa." (81)]]> 2022-03-22 19:10:11 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2108239688 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2108244839 "In Summer 1918, the Borns depicted this trio in a postcard containing a photomontage (a popular craft at the time). They cut the men's three individual pictures in the shape of ovals and arranged them in a line with the ends overlapping." (81)]]> 2022-03-22 19:13:25 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2108244839 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2108249772 "On November 25, the University of Frankfurt wrote to the Ministry that it needed to announce the lectures for the spring semester. Who would give them - von Laue or Born?" (84)]]> 2022-03-22 19:16:37 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2108249772 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2108252799 "In late November, with trams stationary due to street fighting, Born walked from his apartment in Grunewald across open fields and meadows south to Dehlem to visit Franck - his frequent source of answers to experimental questions." (85)]]> 2022-03-22 19:18:40 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2108252799 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2108254374 "On January 4, 1919, the Prussian minister of education made Born's call to Frankfurt official." (86)]]> 2022-03-22 19:19:34 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2108254374 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2108258568 "The British lifted the blockage two weeks after the Germans signed the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919. The treaty gave Germany's northeastern borderlands to Poland, blamed Germany for the war, imposed large reparation payments, and deeded the Saar coal mines to France." (89) ]]> 2022-03-22 19:22:27 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2108258568 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2108268279 "On November 6, the news went out that British astronomer Arthur Eddington had confirmed Einstein's general theory of Realitivity. Standing on Principe Island in the Gulf of Guinea on May 29, 1919 [...]" (92)]]> 2022-03-22 19:29:10 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2108268279 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2117469893 "In January 1920, for three consecutive Tuesday evenings, Born held lectures on general relativity in the large auditorium at the university." (92)]]> 2022-03-28 15:47:38 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2117469893 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2117472769 "Lewis and Born's relationship quickly developed from discussion on the theory of special relativity and was renewed when Born visited Berkeley in 1912" (93)]]> 2022-03-28 15:48:58 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2117472769 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2117477565 "At 6 A.M. on August 6, the arched concourse of Frankfurt's Hauptbahnof receded behind Max and Hedi as they traveled off, the children staying with the nanny." (98)]]> 2022-03-28 15:51:23 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2117477565 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2117481460 "On August 24, 1920, the Study Group of German Natural Philosophers, as they called themselves, held a meeting in Berlin's Philharmonic Hall. Most of the scientists comprising the group were unknowns, but one, the Nobel physicist Philipp Lenard, gave them visibility." (99)]]> 2022-03-28 15:53:10 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2117481460 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2117486385 "The Borns did not learn of the attack until they reached Munich on their trip home on September 5." (99)

]]> 2022-03-28 15:55:33 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2117486385 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2117523593 "On September 25, the day of the debate on relativity, Born and Einstein walked out of the train station to face a charged scene: guards armed wit fixed bayonets." (101)]]> 2022-03-28 16:13:36 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2117523593 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2117734446 "On February 21, Lande received a letter from Niels Bohr reporting that he had just derived the entire periodic system from quantum theory." (104)]]> 2022-03-28 17:59:58 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2117734446 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2117736988 "By April 1921, when they left their home and lovely garden, Frankfurt had begun to resemble chaotic Berlin. For Hedi, the move was particularly difficult. She was five months pregnant." (105)]]> 2022-03-28 18:01:22 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2117736988 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119577640 "Born began a new research direction within days after he and Pauli reconvened in Gottingen to start the 1921 fall term." (108)]]> 2022-03-29 15:10:45 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119577640 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119580942 "In 1916, he had refined Bohr's circular orbit for the electron to the more sophisticated ellipse, introduced a fine structure constant, and found good agreement with the doublets observed in the lines of the hydrogen spectrum" (109)
"He" - Sommerfeld]]> 2022-03-29 15:12:21 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119580942 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119693957 "Born's first book on crystal dynamics in 1915, Sommerfeld had asked him to write a comprehensive article on the subject of the first volume of the Mathematical Encyclopedia." (110)]]> 2022-03-29 16:07:18 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119693957 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119696572 "In spring 1922, Born's attention, at least as much as the still incomplete encyclopedia article would allow, was focused on quantum theory." (112)]]> 2022-03-29 16:08:27 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119696572 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119699320 "Another milestone as 1922 ended was that, as Born wrote to his friend von Karman, 'the Encyclopedia article is done and printed'" (115)]]> 2022-03-29 16:09:56 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119699320 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119820926 "By the beginning of 1923, Born was politicking with Sommerfeld about Heisenberg, an important asset in Born's future research plans." (116)]]> 2022-03-29 17:10:02 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119820926 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119823678 "Max spent the summer of 1923 buried in his research, often working late into the night. When he was not battling asthma and bronchitis, this was his best way to escape from the depressing reality of daily life." (119)]]> 2022-03-29 17:11:25 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119823678 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119826588 "In September, Heisenberg returned to Gottingen as planned to do his Habilitation under Born." (120)]]> 2022-03-29 17:12:52 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119826588 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119830651 "In March 1924, Born spent much of the month in bed with his regular spring asthma attack." (121)]]> 2022-03-29 17:14:51 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119830651 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119835321 "On July 28, 1924, Heisenberg successfully gave his habilitation lecture, 'The Historical and Logical Development of Quantum Theory,' having used his most recent work (which incorporated Born's and Kramer's new ideas as well as some of his own) as his Habilitation thesis." (123)]]> 2022-03-29 17:17:01 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119835321 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119839053 "The ideas and tools he used were all around him. Some came from Born's paper in 1924 - applying Fourier analysis to the oscillator's transition frequencies, a technique that Kramers and Heisenberg had used in their dispersion paper in December."]]> 2022-03-29 17:18:54 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119839053 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119842201 "On July 19, Born took the train to Hanover for a meeting of the German Physical Society."]]> 2022-03-29 17:20:30 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119842201 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119847564 "The Zeitschrift fur physik received Born and Jordan's paper on September 27." (127)]]> 2022-03-29 17:23:07 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119847564 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119856045 "Bohr saw it in more balance, writing to Carl Oseen in Sweden that 'brighter days' were ahead 'because of the development of the new quantum mechanics which, resting upon ideas of Kramers and especially of Heisenberg, has been shaped into such a wonderful theory by Born.' In the wake of this great discovery, Max left Gottingen with Hedi on October 26, the children staying behind in the care of Grandfather Ehrenberg [...]" (128)]]> 2022-03-29 17:27:30 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2119856045 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2120229563 "On January 22, 1926, Born gave his last lecture at MIT before an audience of about 1,000 people." (132)]]> 2022-03-29 21:32:59 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2120229563 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2120231579 "On July 4, Born wrote to Valentine that he was rejecting the American offers; but he also laid out his disappointment over the Ministry's failure to address his request for Heisenberg." (136)]]> 2022-03-29 21:35:12 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2120231579 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2120233317 "Born and Franck, however, glimpsed the beginning of extremism when, in 1927, Fritz Haber and Paul Ehrenfest were blackballed for membership in the Gottingen Academy of Science because 'it could not be proved they were of pure Aryan descent.'" (137)]]> 2022-03-29 21:37:10 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2120233317 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2120234081 "In summer 1926, as Born worked on collision theory, a foreign invasion over took Gottingen." (141)]]> 2022-03-29 21:37:56 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2120234081 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2123888152 "In fall 1926, some of Born's new students as well as American fellows of the IEB perceived him as 'unapproachable and unsympathetic.'" (143)]]> 2022-03-31 15:53:25 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2123888152 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2123893812 "At his oral exam, on May 11, Born and Franck were both questioners. Franck took only twenty minutes, but it was long enough." (145)]]> 2022-03-31 15:55:44 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2123893812 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2123897079 "In December 1928, Born wrote to Einstein and to the university Kurator: he had overtaxed his system. He needed a three-week leave because of 'sleeplessness and other nervous system.'" (153)]]> 2022-03-31 15:57:30 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2123897079 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2123899131 "The winter of 1928-1929 was so severe that from Born's sanatorium on the German side of Lake Constance, one could walk across the frozen surface to Switzerland." (153)]]> 2022-03-31 15:58:38 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2123899131 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2123902817 "By the beginning of 1930, he had completed his book. Born was still on reducing teaching schedules, but Tisdale, who was in Gottingen checking on Fellows, reported back to the IEB that he was much better."
'He' - Born]]> 2022-03-31 16:00:28 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2123902817 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2123912281 "Born and Jordan's long awaited Elementare Quantenmechanik came out of the beginning of 1930 and immediately received a scathing review by Wolfgang Pauli Naturwissenschaften." (159)]]> 2022-03-31 16:05:30 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2123912281 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2124585478 "At the end of summer 1930, the Born family took off for Ehrwald in the Tirol of their annual vacation." (160)]]> 2022-04-01 01:15:44 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2124585478 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2124589570 "Born began 1931 preoccupied with his impending one-year term as Dean of the Mathematics-Natural Science Faculty, a position that rotated among the professors." (163)]]> 2022-04-01 01:19:05 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2124589570 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2124591255 "The 1932 New Years began with a faculty meeting to resolve the impact of the budget cuts." (166)]]> 2022-04-01 01:20:20 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2124591255 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2124594104 "On Tuesday evening, April 25, 1933, a newspaper editor, who has a family friend, told the Borns what to expect on the next day's front page." (177)]]> 2022-04-01 01:22:26 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2124594104 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2124596063 "At the end of May 1933, Born received a letter from his former students, Alfred Lande, who had taken a position at Ohio State University several years earlier." (181)]]> 2022-04-01 01:23:54 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2124596063 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2124598048 "On September 26, Hedi went for a short stay at a health clinic to recover from the ordeal of moving." (187)]]> 2022-04-01 01:25:19 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2124598048 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2124600165 "Born later said that only the three collaborators could disentangle the separate contributions to the final formulation of quantum mechanics. Yet earlier in the summer of 1933, he had explained his part to Ehrenfest." (191)]]> 2022-04-01 01:26:47 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2124600165 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2124608857 "When, in 1934, the Cambridge Board made him the Stokes Lecturrer, an honorary title that brought neither extra duties nor financial benefits, he hoped that it was a sign that people liked him and that his appointment would become permanent." (198)
"He/Him/His" - Max Born]]> 2022-04-01 01:32:54 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2124608857 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2124612539 "All thrived except for Hedi, who, unhappy and sick, spent as much time as she could in Gottingen. In 1934, she was there for five and a half months." (200) ]]> 2022-04-01 01:35:40 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2124612539 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2124614162 Hedi went back to Gottingen again and destroyed the pages from her diary.]]> 2022-04-01 01:36:50 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2124614162 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2124618764 "On March 14, a farwell tea was given in Born's honor at which the physics students presented him with a scroll that thanked him for the 'rare combination of clarity of expression and depth of thought character expression and depth of thought characteristics only of a master mind' and his 'sweet and affable manner that endeared you to our hearts.'" (208)]]> 2022-04-01 01:40:01 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2124618764 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2124620562 "The Borns reached Marseilles on April 3, traveled overland to Paris, and finally arrived in Cambridge." (208)]]> 2022-04-01 01:41:13 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2124620562 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2125597937 "By the end of January 1937, after four months in Edinburgh, the family had settled down, yet Born had constant anxiety about war, and their fate, and that of their relatives and friends on the continent - a stress relieved only slightly by finding positions and funds for refugee friends." (217)]]> 2022-04-01 15:05:59 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2125597937 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2126186697 "On September 2, Born wrote to Einstein that the Gestapo had just confiscated his house in Gottingen and his pension income" (222)]]> 2022-04-02 02:03:21 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2126186697 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2126186985 "On November 15, the official Reich newspaper listed the five Borns among those who lost their German citizenship. The family was now stateless." (224)]]> 2022-04-02 02:03:55 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2126186985 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2126188388 "At the start of 1939, the Borns made a concerted push to get relatives and friends out of Germany." (225) ]]> 2022-04-02 02:06:38 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2126188388 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2126189234 "On Sunday, September 3, the Borns had a few people over in the late morning - Klaus Fuchs, Reinhold Furth (a new associate who had recently arrived from Prague in one of the last group of emigres) and the two Traubenberg girls, who were visiting from their boarding school." (227)]]> 2022-04-02 02:08:17 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2126189234 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2126190353 "The Borns' sense of safety grew, as did the tedious and draining effect of war. Rationing, which had begun in January 1940, became more restrictive." (237)]]> 2022-04-02 02:10:13 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2126190353 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2126191056 "Born spent summer 1941 teaching cadets in a new air-training program, relieved to have an opportunity, however small, to fight the Nazis." (239)]]> 2022-04-02 02:11:23 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2126191056 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2126192171 "In spring 1942, Max heard that his cousin Clare Kauffmann had died of a stroke, [...]" (244)]]> 2022-04-02 02:13:29 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2126192171 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2126192499 Born's 60th Birthday.]]> 2022-04-02 02:14:08 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2126192499 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2126249336 The death of Max Born 87 years]]> 2022-04-02 04:17:44 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2126249336 phamsop000 https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2126251464 The death of Max Born at 87 years old]]> 2022-04-02 04:23:41 UTC https://padlet.com/phamsop000/cvgkkf8hcz9pgawk/wish/2126251464