• Gather Information
• Define the new system's requirements
• Build prototypes for the new system
• Prioritize requirements
• Evaluate alternatives
• Meet with management to discuss new options

• Design the application
• Design and integrate the network
• Design and integrate the database
• Create a contingency plan
• Start a Maintenance, Training and Operations plan
• Review the design
• Articulate the business processes and procedures
• Establish a transition strategy
• Deliver the System Design Document
• Review final design

3. System analyst & their roles

A systems analyst is an IT professional who works on a high level in an organization to ensure that systems, infrastructures and computer systems are functioning as effectively and efficiently as possible. System analysts carry the responsibilities of researching problems, finding solutions, recommending courses of actions and coordinating with stakeholders in order to meet specified requirements. They study the current system, procedures and business processes of a company and create action plans based on the requirements set.

4. Phases of SLDC

5. Information System Action Committee and System Group Project

1. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle
 ii) ref. 2
http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/definition/systems-development-life-cycle

d) Understand the need for systems analysis and design in organizations
-Systems are created to solve problems. One can think of the sys- tems approach as an organized way of dealing with a problem. In this dynamic world, the subject. System Analysis and Design (SAD), mainly deals with the software development activities.

http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/need-systems-analysis-design/

e) System analyst and their roles

- The systems analyst systematically assesses how users interact with technology and how businesses function by examining the inputting and processing of data and the outputting of information with the intent of improving organizational processes.

Roles :
1)Systems Analyst as Consultant
2)Systems Analyst as Supporting Expert
3)Systems Analyst as Agent of Change

BA Roles/Titles

• Defines application problem by conferring with clients; evaluating procedures and processes.
• Develops solution by preparing and evaluating alternative workflow solutions.
• Controls solution by establishing specifications; coordinating production with programmers.
• Validates results by testing programs.
• Ensures operation by training client personnel; providing support.
• Provides reference by writing documentation.
• Updates job knowledge by participating in educational opportunities; reading professional publications; maintaining personal networks; participating in professional organizations.
• Accomplishes information systems and organization mission by completing related results as needed.

Stakeholders, The Players of an Information System

• System Owners
• System Users
  • Internal System Users
    • Clerical and Service workers
    • Technical and professional staffs
    • Supervisors, Middle managers and executive managers
  • External System User
    • Customers
    • Suppliers
    • Partners
    • Employees
• System Designers
  • Database Administrators
  • Network Architects
  • Web Architects
  • Graphics Artists
  • Security Experts
  • Technology specialists
• System Builders
  • Application programmers
  • System programmers
  • Databases Programmers
  • Network Administrators
  • Security Administrators
  • Webmasters
  • Software Integrators
• System Analysts

• CASE (Computer Aided Systems/Software Engineering)
• Requirements gathering
• Structured analysis

The seventh and final phase involves maintenance and regular required updates. This step is when end users can fine-tune the system, if they wish, to boost performance, add new capabilities or meet additional user requirements.


https://www.innovativearchitects.com/KnowledgeCenter/basic-IT-systems/system-development-life-cycle.aspx

g) Information system action committee and system group project
- information system which serves the needs of safety program and supports mission.
-

h) External Consultant vs Internal Expert

Difference between external consultant and internal expert
http://questromworld.bu.edu/clubconsulting/files/2010/09/Internal-vs.-External-Consulting.pdf

Advantages and Disadvantages
Internal Consultants

• Defines application problem by conferring with clients; evaluating procedures and processes.
• Develops solution by preparing and evaluating alternative workflow solutions.
• Controls solution by establishing specifications; coordinating production with programmers.
• Validates results by testing programs.
• Ensures operation by training client personnel; providing support.
• Provides reference by writing documentation.
• Updates job knowledge by participating in educational opportunities; reading professional publications; maintaining personal networks; participating in professional organizations.
• Accomplishes information systems and organization mission by completing related results as needed.

Stakeholders, The Players of an Information System

• System Owners
• System Users
  • Internal System Users
    • Clerical and Service workers
    • Technical and professional staffs
    • Supervisors, Middle managers and executive managers
  • External System User
    • Customers
    • Suppliers
    • Partners
    • Employees
• System Designers
  • Database Administrators
  • Network Architects
  • Web Architects
  • Graphics Artists
  • Security Experts
  • Technology specialists
• System Builders
  • Application programmers
  • System programmers
  • Databases Programmers
  • Network Administrators
  • Security Administrators
  • Webmasters
  • Software Integrators
• System Analysts

4)Phase of SDLC

5) Information system action committee and system group project

•  information system which serves the needs of safety program and supports mission.

• System Owners
• System Users
  • Internal System Users
    • Clerical and Service workers
    • Technical and professional staffs
    • Supervisors, Middle managers and executive managers
  • External System User
    • Customers
    • Suppliers
    • Partners
    • Employees
• System Designers
  • Database Administrators
  • Network Architects
  • Web Architects
  • Graphics Artists
  • Security Experts
  • Technology specialists
• System Builders
  • Application programmers
  • System programmers
  • Databases Programmers
  • Network Administrators
  • Security Administrators
  • Webmasters
  • Software Integrators
• System Analysts

• Defines application problem by conferring with clients; evaluating procedures and processes.
• Develops solution by preparing and evaluating alternative workflow solutions.
• Controls solution by establishing specifications; coordinating production with programmers.
• Validates results by testing programs.
• Ensures operation by training client personnel; providing support.
• Provides reference by writing documentation.
• Updates job knowledge by participating in educational opportunities; reading professional publications; maintaining personal networks; participating in professional organizations.
• Accomplishes information systems and organization mission by completing related results as needed.

http://hiring.monster.com/hr/hr-best-practices/recruiting-hiring-advice/job-descriptions/systems-analyst-job-description.aspx

http://www.slideshare.net/infinityrulz/roles-responsibilities-of-system-analyst

iv) Phase SDLC

v)Information System Action Committee and System Group Project

vi) External consultant vs Internal Expert

http://www.slideshare.net/IIBA-UK/internal-externalconsultantspetergane-7323042?next_slideshow=1

http://www.vault.com/blog/consult-this-consulting-careers-news-and-views/internal-vs-external-consulting

Advantages and Disadvantages
Internal Consultants

Code-and-fix approach to software development
-The ‘code and fix’ approach to software development is not a proper life cycle (see later this unit). Such a process of development occurs when software developers get together with a vague set of requirements and start producing software, fixing it, changing it until the correct product appears.

2)THE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC)
- is a series of six steps that a project team works through in order to conceptualize, analyze, design, construct and implement a new information technology system. Adhering to a SDLC increases efficiency and accuracy and reduces the risk of product failure.

click -Need for Systems Analysis and Design

3)SYSTEMS ANALYST AND THEIR ROLES

Click-Roles of the Systems Analyst

click-The Seven Phases of the System-Development Life Cycle

6)EXTERNAL CONSULTANT VS INTERNAL EXPERT

- Because internal and external consultants add different value, clients can assess their needs and make the choice of which to use based on the contributions each makes. The table below suggests some criteria to use in making the best choice based on the recommendations from our interviews of seventy five internal and external consultants.

Difference between external consultant and internal expert
http://questromworld.bu.edu/clubconsulting/files/2010/09/Internal-vs.-External-Consulting.pdf

http://www.consultancy.uk/consulting-industry/external-vs-internal-consultants

http://www.9lenses.com/internal-versus-external-consulting/

•  Systems are created to solve problems. One can think of the systems approach as an organized way of dealing with a problem. In this dynamic world, the subject System Analysis and Design (SAD), mainly deals with the software development activities.

• systems development life cycle (SDLC),  also referred to as the application development life-cycle, is a term used in systems engineering, information systems and software engineering to describe a process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information system.

• System is a collection of components that work together to realize some objectives forms a system. Basically there are three major components in every system, namely input, processing and output.

• Systems analysis and design, as performed by systems analysts, seeks to understand what humans need to analyze data input or data flow systematically, process or transform data, store data, and output information in the context of a particular organization or enterprise. By doing thorough analysis, analysts seek to identify and solve the right problems. Furthermore, systems analysis and design is used to analyze, design, and implement improvements in the support of users and the functioning of businesses that can be accomplished through the use of computerized information systems.

• A systems analyst is a person who uses analysis and design techniques to solve business problems using information technology. Systems analysts may serve as change agents who identify the organizational improvements needed, design systems to implement those changes, and train and motivate others to use the systems.
• The Role of an Analyst is to help organizations understand the challenges before them to make this transition and to ensure that the needs and expectations of the client are represented correctly in the final solution.

• Modeling produces a graphical representation of a concept or process that systems developers can analyze, test, and modify. A system analyst can describe and simplify an information system by using a set of business, data, object, network, and process models. A business model, or requirements model, describes the information that a system must provide.  A data model describes data structure and design. An object model describes objects, which combine data and processes. A network model describes the design and protocols of telecommunications links. A process model describes the logic that programmers use to write code modules. Although the models might appear to overlap, they actually work together to describe the same environment from different points of view.
• Prototyping tests system concepts and provides an opportunity to examine input, output, and user interfaces before final decisions are made. A prototype is an early working version of an information system. A prototype can serve as an initial model that is used as benchmark to evaluate the finished system, or the prototype itself can develop into the final version of the system. Either way, prototyping speeds up the development process significantly. A possible disadvantage of prototyping is that important decisions might be made too early, before business or IT issues are understood thoroughly. A prototype based on careful fact finding and modeling techniques, however can be an extremely valuable tool.
• Computer-aided systems engineering (CASE), also called computer-aided software engineering, is a technique that uses powerful software, called CASE Tools, to help system s analyst’s develop and maintain information systems. CASE tools provide an over all framework for systems development and support a wide variety of design methodologies, including structured analysis and object-oriented analysis.
  Because CASE tools make it easier to build an information system, they boost it productivity and improved the quality of the finished product.
  In addition to traditional CASE tools system developers often use project management tools, such as Microsoft Project, and special –purpose charting tools, such as Microsoft Visio, which is shown in figure 1-23. a system analyst’s can use Visio to create many different types of diagrams, including block diagrams. Building plans, forms and charts, maps, network diagrams, and organization charts, Visio is described in more detail in Part 2 of  the Systems Analyst’s Toolkit.

The systems development life cycle (SDLC) is a conceptual model used in project management that describes the stages involved in an information system development project, from an initial feasibility study through maintenance of the completed application.

2. The need for system analysis and design in organization

3. System analyst and their roles

i ) Systems Analyst as Consultant :

• System Owners
• System Users
  • Internal System Users
    • Clerical and Service workers
    • Technical and professional staffs
    • Supervisors, Middle managers and executive managers
  • External System User
    • Customers
    • Suppliers
    • Partners
    • Employees
• System Designers
  • Database Administrators
  • Network Architects
  • Web Architects
  • Graphics Artists
  • Security Experts
  • Technology specialists
• System Builders
  • Application programmers
  • System programmers
  • Databases Programmers
  • Network Administrators
  • Security Administrators
  • Webmasters
  • Software Integrators
• System Analysts

5. Information system action committee and system group project

6. External consultant vs internal expert

• automotive firms;
• the financial services sector;
• global investment banks;
• manufacturers;
• the public sector;
• utility companies.

•  Systems development is the process of defining, designing, testing, and implementing a new software application or program. It could include the internal development of customized systems, the creation of database systems, or the acquisition of third party developed software. Written standards and procedures must guide all information systems processing functions. The organization’s management must define and implement standards and adopt an appropriate system development life cycle methodology governing the process of developing, acquiring, implementing, and maintaining computerized information systems and related technology. 

•  Systems analysis and design is used to analyze, design, and implement improvements in the support of users and the functioning of businesses that can be accomplished through the use of computerized information systems

• A systems analyst is an information technology (IT) professional who specializes in analyzing, designing and implementing information systems. 

1. Planning 
2. Systems Analysis 
3. Systems Design 
4. Development 
5. Testing 
6. Implementation 
7. Maintenance 

• Information system which serves the needs of safety program and supports mission 

•  A functioning organisation relies on its information system, whether that system be entirely pen-and-paper based, or whether it includes a computer-based information system (or systems). 
• Real world organisations will to respond to changes in their environment (customers, economy, competition, improved techniques, business opportunities). For most organisations there comes a time when they consider the introduction of a new, computer-based information system 

• The systems analyst systematically assesses how users interact with technology and how businesses function by examining the inputting and processing of data and the outputting of information with the intent of improving organizational processes
• System Analyst 

1. User 
2. System Analyst
3. Designer
4. Accountant 
5. Engineer

1. Planning 
2. Systems Analysis 
3. Systems Design 
4. Development 
5. Testing 
6. Implementation 
7. Maintenance 

•  To support development of strategy or facilitate corporate-wide initiatives or key priorities 

•  To support implementation of strategic priority, or intervention as an operational focus 

• Systems development is the process of defining, designing, testing, and implementing a new software application or program. 
•  include the internal development of customized systems, the creation of database systems, or the acquisition of third party developed software 

2. The need for systems analysis and design in organization (SAD)

http://www.slideshare.net/aamir_libr/system-analysis-and-design-14843784

3. System Analysts and their roles
http://www4.semo.edu/gjohnson/AC330/ac330ch18notesedition11.htm
-  person who uses analysis and design techniques to solve business problems using information technology.
-Systems analysts may serve as change agents who identify the organizational improvements needed, design systems to implement those changes, and train and motivate others to use the systems.
- use computers and related systems to design new IT solutions, modify, enhance or adapt existing systems and integrate new features or improvements, all with the aim of improving business efficiency and productivity.
http://www.w3computing.com/systemsanalysis/roles-systems-analyst/

BA Roles/Titles

Their roles :
http://www.slideshare.net/prachi90501/role-of-system-analyst?next_slideshow=1

4. Phases of SDLC

https://www.innovativearchitects.com/KnowledgeCenter/basic-IT-systems/system-development-life-cycle.aspx

5. Information system action committee and system group project


6, External consultant vs Internal expert
- External consultant : someone external to the organization who can be contracted to conduct the evaluation - sometimes they develop the evaluation design and sometimes they implement the design outlined in the Terms of Reference.
-Internal Expert: any individual/group which serves internal clients in an advisory capacity, including: Bringing a specialized management consulting expertise to improve the performance of the company/organization.

http://questromworld.bu.edu/clubconsulting/files/2010/09/Internal-vs.-External-Consulting.pdf

7. System development tools

• Modeling produces a graphical representation of a concept or process that systems developers can analyze, test, and modify. A system analyst can describe and simplify an information system by using a set of business, data, object, network, and process models. A business model, or requirements model, describes the information that a system must provide.  A data model describes data structure and design. An object model describes objects, which combine data and processes. A network model describes the design and protocols of telecommunications links. A process model describes the logic that programmers use to write code modules. Although the models might appear to overlap, they actually work together to describe the same environment from different points of view.
• Prototyping tests system concepts and provides an opportunity to examine input, output, and user interfaces before final decisions are made. A prototype is an early working version of an information system. A prototype can serve as an initial model that is used as benchmark to evaluate the finished system, or the prototype itself can develop into the final version of the system. Either way, prototyping speeds up the development process significantly. A possible disadvantage of prototyping is that important decisions might be made too early, before business or IT issues are understood thoroughly. A prototype based on careful fact finding and modeling techniques, however can be an extremely valuable tool.
• Computer-aided systems engineering (CASE), also called computer-aided software engineering, is a technique that uses powerful software, called CASE Tools, to help system s analyst’s develop and maintain information systems. CASE tools provide an over all framework for systems development and support a wide variety of design methodologies, including structured analysis and object-oriented analysis.
  Because CASE tools make it easier to build an information system, they boost it productivity and improved the quality of the finished product.
  In addition to traditional CASE tools system developers often use project management tools, such as Microsoft Project, and special –purpose charting tools, such as Microsoft Visio, which is shown in figure 1-23. a system analyst’s can use Visio to create many different types of diagrams, including block diagrams. Building plans, forms and charts, maps, network diagrams, and organization charts, Visio is described in more detail in Part 2 of  the Systems Analyst’s Toolkit.

• System Owners
• System Users
  • Internal System Users
    • Clerical and Service workers
    • Technical and professional staffs
    • Supervisors, Middle managers and executive managers
  • External System User
    • Customers
    • Suppliers
    • Partners
    • Employees
• System Designers
  • Database Administrators
  • Network Architects
  • Web Architects
  • Graphics Artists
  • Security Experts
  • Technology specialists
• System Builders
  • Application programmers
  • System programmers
  • Databases Programmers
  • Network Administrators
  • Security Administrators
  • Webmasters
  • Software Integrators
• System Analysts

- Phase of SDLC

- Information system action committee and system group project
    * information system which serves the   needs of safety program and supports mission.

- External consultant vs internal expert
http://questromworld.bu.edu/clubconsulting/files/2010/09/Internal-vs.-External-Consulting.pdf

The study of the evolution of large information systems had led to the proposal of the following two laws (Lehman & Belady, 1985):

1. Requirement gathering and analysis
2. Design
3. Implementation or coding
4. Testing
5. Deployment
6. Maintenance

• Systems development is the process of defining, designing, testing, and implementing a new software application or program. 
•  include the internal development of customized systems, the creation of database systems, or the acquisition of third party developed software
  
  

• Systems analysis and design, as performed by systems analysts, seeks to understand what humans need to analyze data input or data flow systematically, process or transform data, store data, and output information in the context of a particular organization or enterprise.By doing thorough analysis, analysts seek to identify and solve the right problems.
• Systems analysis and design is used to analyze, design, and implement improvements in the support of users and the functioning of businesses that can be accomplished through the use of computerized information systems.

• (IT) professional who specializes in analyzing, designing and implementing information systems.
•  uses analysis and design techniques to solve business problems using information technology.
• may serve as change agents who identify the organizational improvements needed, design systems to implement those changes, and train and motivate others to use the systems.

• Refer picture

•  information system which serves the needs of safety program and supports mission.