https://padlet.com/nzurawski22/ctnrezhg5ss36ak1 en-us 2022-01-06 13:51:47 UTC 2023-02-26 20:01:55 UTC hello@padlet.com nzurawski22 https://padlet.com/nzurawski22/ctnrezhg5ss36ak1/wish/1982458024 Historical Overview
- Psychological trauma and PTSD in particular have a short history in psychology
- Freud (1895) first hypothesized that traumatic experiences can lead to hysterical reactions. His "seduction theory" described how childhood sexual abuse resulted in a primitive defense mechanism including dissociation, denial, and repression. His therapeutic approach was to promote catharsis and abreaction, the precursor to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
- Early 20th century military combat led to advances in psychological theories on PTSD. ("shell-shock", nostalgia, war neurosis, combat fatigue, combat exhaustion)
- 1941: Kardiner formally explains traumatic reactions
- The First Wave of Behaviorism in the early 1900s. The classical conditioning theory led to the understanding of PTSD
- The Second Have of Behaviorism was the Cognitive Revolution in the mid to late 20th century. New cognitive theories backed by research led to new treatments for PTSD including EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing).
- Third Wave of Cognitive Behaviorism in the early 21st century has a focus on accepting the circumstances and internal experiences.

]]> 2022-01-09 16:20:52 UTC https://padlet.com/nzurawski22/ctnrezhg5ss36ak1/wish/1982458024 nzurawski22 https://padlet.com/nzurawski22/ctnrezhg5ss36ak1/wish/1982474490 - Children and adolescents exposed to chronic trauma influences their development and ability to form relationships. 
- Symptomatology: There is a variance in symptom presentation in children. The current focus is on reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal. The way in which a person manifests the symptoms changes as they mature. Some displays include: fears, separation anxiety, impulsivity, inattentiveness, isolation, enuresis, and encopresis.
- Current diagnostic criterion used for adults is less affective for diagnosing children. 

]]> 2022-01-09 16:42:02 UTC https://padlet.com/nzurawski22/ctnrezhg5ss36ak1/wish/1982474490 nzurawski22 https://padlet.com/nzurawski22/ctnrezhg5ss36ak1/wish/1982478779 Historical evolution of PTSD diagnostic criteria
- Beginning with Freud's model of neurosis and Seduction Theory. Placed emphasis on external stressors. 
- Freud then switched focus to analytic treatment for traumatic neurosis
- Freud's thinking led to the classification processes of DSM-I and DSM-II 
- Modern diagnostics use the four diagnostic categories in DSM-IV

]]> 2022-01-09 16:46:57 UTC https://padlet.com/nzurawski22/ctnrezhg5ss36ak1/wish/1982478779 nzurawski22 https://padlet.com/nzurawski22/ctnrezhg5ss36ak1/wish/1982482306 DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria
- "A" stressor criterion
- "B" intrusive recollection criterion
- "C" avoidance criterion
- "D" negative cognitions and mood criterion
- "E" alterations in arousal and reactivity criterion
- "F" duration criterion
- "G" functional significance criterion
- "H" exclusion criterion
Most effective treatments
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). 
- Medication
- Other CBT approaches including prolonged exposure therapy and cognitive processing therapy (especially for sexual trauma)


]]> 2022-01-09 16:51:14 UTC https://padlet.com/nzurawski22/ctnrezhg5ss36ak1/wish/1982482306 nzurawski22 https://padlet.com/nzurawski22/ctnrezhg5ss36ak1/wish/1982502892 Paper (written in 1983) on the psychological effects of Rape
- Describes rape within the category of PTSD based on DSM-III (1980)
- Rape until the 1970s thrived on misunderstanding and silence. Since then, more scientific. publications and understanding have increased its focus. 
- The stress response patterns of rape victims are consistent with DSM-III within the category of anxiety disorders 
- Three types of PTSD: acute disorder, compounded reaction to rape trauma, and unresolved sexual trauma
- Rape Trauma Syndrome has also been used in Court as a defense]]> 2022-01-09 17:19:16 UTC https://padlet.com/nzurawski22/ctnrezhg5ss36ak1/wish/1982502892 nzurawski22 https://padlet.com/nzurawski22/ctnrezhg5ss36ak1/wish/1982515417 Era prior to DSM
- Many conditions (named based on symptom and circumstance)referred to what is now considered PTSD 
- WWII: Sodium Pentothal as a treatment for PTSD. Other preliminary efforts to facilitate PTSD
- The Korean War saw advances in combat psychiatry
- The Vietnam War practiced the three principles of immediacy, proximity, and expectancy in combat psychiatry. 
- In 1974 Rape Trauma Syndrome was introduced in a revolutionary article analyzing interviews with female rape survivors
DSM era
- Brought Trauma-focused psychotherapies for PTSD
- Health Service was now available
- Pharmacotherapies provided antidepressants for PTSD candidates
- Combination of Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy has led to future therapies

]]> 2022-01-09 17:35:21 UTC https://padlet.com/nzurawski22/ctnrezhg5ss36ak1/wish/1982515417 nzurawski22 https://padlet.com/nzurawski22/ctnrezhg5ss36ak1/wish/1982523092 - Mental disorders are subject to judgment and stigmatization
- Stigma is comprised of three levels: cognitive, emotional, and behavioral. 
The concept of sigma on mental disorders was developed in the middle of the 20th century.
- This concept described how stigmatized people deal with their challenges.
- Self-stigma is the process in which someone with a  mental illness internalizes the stigma and limits the chances of recovery.
- Stigma before recent increased awareness would not only contribute to the severity of the mental illness but also suppress the public's awareness of mental disorders.

]]> 2022-01-09 17:46:11 UTC https://padlet.com/nzurawski22/ctnrezhg5ss36ak1/wish/1982523092 nzurawski22 https://padlet.com/nzurawski22/ctnrezhg5ss36ak1/wish/1982523294 - The Industrial Revolution led to a rise in cases of PTSD outside of the battlefield (railway disasters for example)
- It was thought that these symptoms were caused by microscopic lesions in the spine or brain ("railway spine" or "railway brain")
- This concept lasted until WWI, when traumatic neurosis became a new diagnosis. In 1915, a French psychiatrist wrote that in the 88 mental disorder cases he witnessed, 20% of soldiers had a physical wound, while an important factor in all cases were fright and emotional shock.
- One treatment used commonly during WWI was electrical current (faradization)
- American psychiatrists contributed to combat psychiatry during WWII as they studied soldiers who were sent back to base hospitals.
- The Vietnam War caused an abundance of delayed PTSD from combat exposure. These profiles led to new diagnostic categories in DSM. ]]> 2022-01-09 17:46:29 UTC https://padlet.com/nzurawski22/ctnrezhg5ss36ak1/wish/1982523294 nzurawski22 https://padlet.com/nzurawski22/ctnrezhg5ss36ak1/wish/1990341740 2022-01-13 13:36:47 UTC https://padlet.com/nzurawski22/ctnrezhg5ss36ak1/wish/1990341740