https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv Aten Ponchung Global en-us 2021-02-26 17:14:54 UTC 2021-02-26 17:49:29 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f32d.png aponchun https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246197876 Treaty temporarily ending conflict over territory between Spain and France. France was granted control of the western third of Hispaniola, officially forming the colony of Saint-Domingue where the Haitian Revolution would later occur. 

]]> 2021-02-26 17:25:07 UTC https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246197876 aponchun https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246215320 French revolutionaries were fighting against the oppressive monarchy (based on French Enlightenment ideals), but many revolutionaries still wanted to preserve slavery to fuel the economy. In the same year, they ruled that their new constitution, the Declaration of the Rights of Man (August 26, 1789), would not apply to the colonies. Nevertheless, the freedom promised to people in the mainland by this declaration inspired many enslaved people to demand the same rights. Additionally, the French Revolution created divisions among the free people in Saint-Domingue and in France, destabilizing the colonies and the country itself and thus allowing a revolution to occur. Whites wanted to restrict the power of affranchis, free people of color, but the affranchis worked together with French revolutionary officials, and they gained rights and privileges. This disharmony between whites and affranchis and even among whites who had different opinions about the French Revolution turned the focus away from the enslaved population which was growing in unrest. 

]]> 2021-02-26 17:28:38 UTC https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246215320 aponchun https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246219775 On organized insurrection led by Boukman Dutty, an enslaved man, marked the start of the Haitian Revolution. This insurrection was highly planned and strategized, and enslaved people had networks of communication to plan the revolt. On the day of the revolt (August 21), which was agreed upon in a secret meeting, the enslaved people set the plantations on fire; the beginning of the Haitian Revolution. 

]]> 2021-02-26 17:29:38 UTC https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246219775 aponchun https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246224088 In April of 1792, France declared all affranchis citizens. The colonial government, working with affranchis, then imprisoned many whites in the colony who disapproved, appointed affranchi leaders, and thereby mitigated the conflict in Saint-Domingue between whites and affranchis. In this way, the colonial government could now focus on preventing slave revolts. Note that, previously, affranchis had already been granted equal rights to white citizens in Saint-Domingue (on May 15, 1791). It is important to note that, perhaps, the equal rights granted to affranchis inspired enslaved people to demand the same rights, in addition to the involvement of enslaved people in the affranchis battle for equal rights against opposing whites in the colony. 

]]> 2021-02-26 17:30:36 UTC https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246224088 aponchun https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246229909 The French Revolutionary government executed King Louis XVI, causing multiple wars against other European countries, creating turmoil that aided the enslaved population in its revolt. ]]> 2021-02-26 17:31:49 UTC https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246229909 aponchun https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246232302 After the execution of the French king, Spain and Britain seized the opportunity of France's temporary weakness to try to fight for control over Saint-Domingue. In doing so, they got involved in the fights of enslaved people, often using armies of enslaved people in their struggles. The Spanish sided with enslaved armies and their leaders (Toussaint Louverture), while the British sided with white colonists in a battle for control. The enslaved people used Spanish support to advance their own fight.]]> 2021-02-26 17:32:22 UTC https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246232302 aponchun https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246240754 France abolished slavery in 1794 in part to appeal to Toussaint Louverture's army of enslaved people which was growing in power. This army decided to abandon the Spanish and side again with the French to later remove Spain (and later Britain) from the colony to promote power of formerly enslaved people in Saint-Domingue.  

]]> 2021-02-26 17:34:13 UTC https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246240754 aponchun https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246254112 Following France's abolition of slavery and Louverture's new alliance with France, Spain's control in the Caribbean was weakened, and Spain signed a peace treaty, the Treaty of Basel,  with France, granting the latter control of Santo Domingo. France never truly took advantage of this, however, as the country focused on other battles and problems rather than establishing full control in Santo Domingo. 

]]> 2021-02-26 17:37:06 UTC https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246254112 aponchun https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246286649 In 1797, Toussaint Louverture worked with the affranchi leader André Rigaud to push the British out of Saint-Domingue to minimize foreign power in the colony. This arguably increased Louverture's strength and power. 

]]> 2021-02-26 17:43:57 UTC https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246286649 aponchun https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246290053 In 1798, Louverture allied with England and the United States to sign a secret treaty against France. This was a strategic action in that Louverture had used France to solidify control in Saint-Domingue and was now using foreign powers once again to minimize French control, ultimately strengthening his own power. 

]]> 2021-02-26 17:44:38 UTC https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246290053 aponchun https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246293175 Napoleón Bonaparte rose to power in France in 1799. He proclaimed the end of the French Revolution and demobilized the revolutionary government. Bonaparte was a staunch supporter of slavery, and he stated that French colonies would now have "special rules," different from those that would apply in France. 

]]> 2021-02-26 17:45:19 UTC https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246293175 aponchun https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246296895 Louverture sent one of his most powerful officials (Moïse) to invade Santo Domingo in 1800. Louverture realized that Bonaparte's rule posed a threat to Louverture's power, and he wanted to increase the latter by gaining complete control of Hispaniola, which he was able to achieve when Spain ceded Santo Domingo to him in January of 1801. Even though Spain had already ceded Santo Domingo to France in 1795, France never truly took control of the colony, so Louverture took advantage of the colony's weakness to increase his own strength lest another power do so.  ]]> 2021-02-26 17:46:06 UTC https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246296895 aponchun https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246299872 In October of 1801, frustrated farm workers (rumored to be led by Moïse) in the north of Hispaniola rose up against Louverture and his government due to concerns with the Constitution, which restricted land ownership, supported the plantation system, and outlawed Vodou. Louverture executed Moïse and other officials and quashed the rebellion, but the frustration of formerly enslaved people was continuing to grow.]]> 2021-02-26 17:46:44 UTC https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246299872 aponchun https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246304405 Many of Louverture's former officials realized France's true intentions, and joined the farmers who were protesting the French. Dessalines took on the role of commander-in-chief of the rebel army and promoted the burning of plantations as a way of pushing the French out of the colony. ]]> 2021-02-26 17:47:40 UTC https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246304405 aponchun https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246306551 With France's control of Saint-Domingue weakening, the country sold its North American territories to the United States, highlighting French withdrawal from the Western Hemisphere and from Saint-Domingue. ]]> 2021-02-26 17:48:09 UTC https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246306551 aponchun https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246309369 On January 1, 1804, Dessalines declared Saint-Domingue independent, creating a Declaration of Independence, and naming the newly formed country "Hayti" (its previous Taíno name). After this declaration of independence, Dessalines slaughtered the last French residents in Haiti to make sure independence would be forever preserved.  ]]> 2021-02-26 17:48:44 UTC https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246309369 aponchun https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246311947 It was only in 1825 that France recognized Haiti's independence, representing the hostility of foreign countries towards Haiti because they felt threatened by a Black nation. Other countries, including Britain and the U.S. (which only acknowledged Haitian independence in 1862), did not wish to support or even interact with Haiti (except when demanding money or achieving trade concessions) to prevent similar uprisings to the Haitian Revolution. Haiti experienced trade and immigration isolation by foreign countries, and this, in addition to the destruction of the land which had occurred in the Haitian Revolution, weakened the country immensely (leading to the poverty it is still experiencing today). Not only were these factors detrimental to Haiti, however. France demanded that Haiti pay "reparations" for the economic damage the Haitian Revolution caused France. Haiti was forced to pay a sum which would total $22,000,000,000 today to France, causing Haiti immense debt and financial struggles. A U.S. military occupation, a temporarily undemocratic government, and natural disasters have weakened Haiti as well, and the country is now on the path of reconstruction. Despite these struggles, Haiti and the Haitian Revolution inspired countless slave revolts and fights for equality across the world. 

]]> 2021-02-26 17:49:16 UTC https://padlet.com/aponchun/csnpls4d8r7xvpqv/wish/1246311947