·         A philosophical movement that emphasized natural rights of life, liberty and property. 

·         Age of Reason

·         Sir Isaac Newton: order, balance, logic and reason, scientific inquiry was applied to everything from forming to politics. 

-Industrial Revolution (1760)

-American Revolution (1776)

-French Revolution (1790)

-Dramatic advances in agriculture

-Breeding advancements yield larger animals.

-Steam power.

-Industrial revolution (1760-1840) 
–changed way of life for all.

-Women and children labored long hours with low pay.

-By the end of the period, a mass of restless, impoverished works had grown. 

-Egalitarianism (equal rights)

-Freedom

-Fair treatment Social Reform

-Democracy 

-Criticism and argumentation

-Stressed balance

-Birth of the novel Robison Crusoe

-Toward the end of the period, poetry began reflect themes close to the human heart, the first hints of Romanticism. 

-Born December 9^th, 1608

-Died November 8^th, 1674

-John Milton wrote poetry and prose between 1632 and 1674, and is most famous for his epic poetry. Special collections and archives hold a variety of Milton’s major works, including Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, L’Allegro and II IL Penseroso. 

-Milton contributed new terminologies in English and created new metaphor like epic similes. He too borrowed the words from other foreign languages into English. Milton is responsible for introducing some 630 words to the English language, making him the country’s greatest neologism. 

The age of John Dryden roughly spans the period from the Restoration of Charles II in 1660 to the year 1700. 

He was born in Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire, England.

John Dryden was born and died in London

-August 19^th, 1631

-May 12^th, 1700

John Dryden wrote almost 30 plays and was one of the great dramatists of his time. In 1649 while still at Westminster, Dryden published his first poem, “Upon the death of Lord Hastings”.

In the early months of 1663 his first play, The Wild Gallant, was produced, but it proved a failure. In 1665 Dryden collaborated with his brother-inn-law, Sir Robert, on a heroic play, The Indian Queen. It was such a success that Dryden immediately wrote a sequel called “The Indian Emperor”.

 Here Dryden occupied himself with the writing of a long poem on the Dutch War and the London fire, Annus mirabills and a critical essay in prose, An Essay of Dramatic Poesy. He also wrote a play, “Secret Love”.

In 1669 he produced “Tyrannic Love”, a play based on the life of St. Catherine. And had ever turned John Milton’s Paradise Lost into an Opera called “The State of Innocense” (1674). 

Dryden wrote three other panegyrics during the early 1660’s To My Lord Chancellor (1662), and “To My Honour’d Friend”, Dr. Charletton (1663). 

As a writer of prose, he developed a lucid professional style, relying on patterns and rhythms of everyday speech. As a critic he develops a combination of methods, historical, Analytical, evaluative, dialogic that helped grow neoclassical theory of literary critic. As a translator he developed and essay manner of what he called paraphrase that produced brilliant versions of Homer, Lucretius, Horace, Ovid, Juvenal, Persius, Givanni Boccaccio, Geoffrey Chaucer, and above all virgil. As a poet he perfected the heroic couplet, sprinkling it with judicious enjambments, triplets, and metric variations and bequeathing it to Alexander Pope to work upon it his own magic. 

John Dryden was made improvements to the diction of the Elizabeth prose by introducing a stripped-down English minus the flowery and exaggeration. His earlier days as a playwright was not much impressive, yet he went on to become the greatest literary figure of the Restoration Period and the succeeding age of classicism was greatly influenced by him. His translation works earned him this place. 

John Dryden was “the leading man of his age and the age knew it, and looked up to him”. The first political recognition of his work came to him when he was asked to accept the appointments of Poet Laurate and Histographer Royal in 1670. 

Enlightenment or The Age of the Reason 

Franklin was born in Boston, in what was then known as the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

- Birth Date‎: ‎January 17, 1706

- Death Date‎: ‎April 17, 1790

Ben wrote profusely. In 1728, he became the publisher of his own printing house by collaborating with Hugh Meredith, and published a newspaper “The Pennsylvania Gazette.” In 1733, he published “Poor Richard’s Almanack” that contained popular proverbs like “A penny saved is two pence dear.” In 1758, Ben printed “Father Abraham’s Sermon.” He also wrote his autobiography that was published after his death. With the passage of time, Ben became the United States’s most prominent literary journalist. He also edited and published his own essays “On Simplicity” and “Lying Shopkeepers” in “The Pennsylvania Gazette.”

The writing style of Benjamin Franklin was pragmatic, clear, and plain with a self-deprecating tone. He used declarative sentences as Puritan writers did. He also wrote several poems. Some of his most popular poems include “On the Freedom of the Press,” “Equivocation,” “Death is a Fisherman,” “The Benefit of Going to Law,” “Wedlock,” “Epitaph in Bookish Style,” and “He who’d Please All.”

Franklin's contribution to the creation of an American national identity is perhaps the most important theme that needs to be emphasized. In connection with this, the students can discuss his role in the shift in the American consciousness from an otherworldly to a this-worldly viewpoint. Franklin's abandonment of Puritanism in favor of the enlightenment's rationalism reflects a central shift in American society in the eighteenth century. In addition, his works reflect the growing awareness of America as a country with values and interests distinct from those of England--a movement that, of course, finds its climax in the Revolution. Franklin's participation in the growing confidence of the eighteenth century that humanity could, through personal effort and social reform, analyze and deal with social problems reveals the optimism and self-confidence of his age, as do his scientific achievements. 

Enlightenment or The Age of the Reason

Jefferson was born at the Shadwell plantation located just outside of Charlottesville, Virginia. Jefferson was born into one of the most prominent families of Virginia's planter elite.

-Birth Date‎: ‎April 13, 1743 

-Death Date‎: ‎July 4, 1826

Even before he wrote the first draft of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson was a fascinating figure. 

-Jefferson's Draft of the Declaration of Independence (1776)

-The Declaration of Independence.

-Jefferson's Draft of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1779)

-An excerpt from Notes on the State of Virginia (1781) 

-The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1786)

-Letter to Edward Carrington (1787)

-Except from a Letter to James Madison (1787)

-Letter to Richard Price (1787)

-Letter to James Madison (1789)

-Jefferson's exchange with the Danbury Baptists (1801-1802)

-Letter to Samuel Miller (1808)

-Letter to N. G. Dufeif (1814)

-Letter to Samuel Kercheval (1816)

Notably, Jefferson wrote on a wide array of subjects, ranging from geology to government and philosophy. Simply put, much of what he wrote became starting points for other purely American explorations of the topics. His reverence for other writers had a direct influence on the Library of Congress, as much of the institution's original collection came courtesy of Jefferson.

However, it is in Jefferson's style that something truly American is established. At a time when British writers were eager to still be somewhat verbose, Jefferson rejected superfluous language for something that was much clearer and more concise. It is still enormously eloquent, but the writing is designed to be read by anyone who is literature. 

Thomas Jefferson was the primary draftsman of the Declaration of Independence of the United States and the nation's first secretary of state (1789–94), its second vice president (1797–1801), and, as the third president (1801–09), the statesman responsible for the Louisiana Purchase.

Enlightenment or The Age of the Reason

Thomas Paine was born in Thetford, England

-Born Date: January 29, 1737. 

-Died Date: June 8, 1809.

Thomas Paine writer who supported revolutionary causes in America and Europe. Published in 1776 to international acclaim, “Common Sense” was the first pamphlet to advocate American independence. After writing the “The American Crisis” papers during the Revolutionary War, Paine returned to Europe and offered a stirring defense of the French Revolution with “Rights of Man.” His political views led to a stint in prison; after his release, he produced his last great essay, “The Age of Reason,” a controversial critique of institutionalized religion and Christian theology.
We may look at Paine’s style today and need a second to adjust to how it was written. However, Paine’s style was solid. He wrote to express and explain ideas, to try to bring intellectual thought to a language that the common man could understand.

Paine has flourishes of genius, yes; but Paine’s writing is rarely unnecessarily verbose. It is grounded in a desire to express complex ideas by relating them to other concepts, an interdisciplinary method. Paine’s writing draws information from not only current events, but he consistently pulled from the past. Yet, with a constant eye on the future; on that “progeny” of America.

Paine's contribution to the American Revolution was "fashioning a new language that presented politics in a vernacular that artisans and other middling sorts were already accustomed to reading". In so doing, Paine enfranchised his popular audience, thereby expanding the public sphere, and he demonstrated that arguments about government can be based upon "the use of simple logic" and "were not contingent on access to privileged information or education". Indeed, as Larkin points out, this democratizing effort led his critics to attack him, contain his ideas, and ultimately marginalize him and his contributions to the American effort for independence. Paine's language worked toward undermining elite culture and dismantling elite power structures, and to this day, Larkin implicitly argues, efforts to contain Paine's radicalism have met with considerable success, given the brief discussions of or outright inattention to him.

His style is unusual since he uses a special terminology as religious vocabulary and also he mix latín phrses in his poem, but the most complicate of his style is the kind of vocabulary that he uses to describe the dark side and the celestial side; in some sentences we may not be able to understand as someone explains to us or we use a dictionary; But not everything is negative, some sentences are understandable or I could understand them and the style is very characteristic of this period.

In my personal experience of life, one of my virtues is Humility because I’ve had the opportunities to exalt myself in front of others, however, I haven’t done, because, I consider that the best opportunity to exalt myself is in to the eyes of YHWH. And it's not something that I would do either. I like that people discover who I am by my actions, not by the number of awards, degrees and diplomas that I may have. 

Humility is a virtue that it allows me to climb many steps in my professional career and in my personal life; and it's my secret of success in my life. 

 

ØNature (My inspiration taking in count everything around me).

ØIndividualism (The author presents his view of the world).

-->  The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 

--> Kubla Khan 

--> Christabel

--> Conversation poem
--> Biographic Literary.  

 

Poet, Critic, Philosopher

· He helped introduce German idealist philosophy to English-speaking culture.

· His critical work, especially on William Shakespeare, was highly influential.

· He had a major influence on Ralph Waldo Emerson and American transcendentalism.

English romantic but born in England.

 April 7, 1770 / April 27, 1850.

Romantic poet.

· With Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication Lyrical Ballads (1798)

England

Main articles;Keats´s Poetry and Prose, John Keats, Selected letters of John Keats, Poetry Manuscripts at Harvard, a Facsimile Edition, Complete poems, The Letters of John Keats 1814 – 1821 volumes 1 and 2, "Ode to a Nightingale", "Sleep and Poetry", and the famous sonnet "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer".

Poet

·  He was one of the main figures of the second generation of Romantic poets, along with Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley.

· Today his poems and letters are some of the most popular and most analyzed in English literature.

England

January 22, 1788 / April 19, 1824

Among his best-known works are the lengthy narrative poems Don Juan and Childe Harold's Pilgrimage; many of his shorter lyrics in Hebrew Melodies also became popular another one poem was Irish Avatar and She walks in Beauty   

Poet, politician and Playwright.

 Contribution to literature Byron wrote a large number of literary works influenced social, political, and literary levels like Don Juan and Childe Harold. He also influenced Victorian authors.

American but born in Sussex.

August 4, 1792 / July 8, 1822.

--> Shelley is perhaps best known for classic poems such as "Ozymandias"

--> "To a Skylark"

--> "Music, When Soft Voices Die".

--> "The Cloud" and The Masque of Anarchy

--> The Cenci (1819), and long, visionary, philosophical poems such as Queen Mab (later reworked as The Daemon of the World), Alastor, The Revolt of Islam, Adonais

--> Prometheus Unbound (1820) – widely considered his masterpiece

--> Hellas: A Lyrical Drama (1821) and his final, unfinished work

--> The Triumph of Life (1822).    

English Romantic poet, dramatist, essayist and novelist.

· He was a prominent English romantic poet and one of the most highly regarded and influential of the 19^th century.

·  is best known for his classic anthology verse works such as Ode to the West Wind and The Masque of Anarchy.

· He is also well known for his long-form poetry, including Queen Mab and Alastor.

England

Date of birth and death November 28, 1757 / August 12, 1827.

--> Songs of Innocence (1789)

--> The Little Boy Lost (1794)

--> The Angels Hovering Over the body of Christ in the sepulcher (1805)

--> The Ancient of days (1794)

--> Adam Naming the beats (1810)

--> Newton (1795 – 1805)

--> Satan (1789) and many more.

English poet, engraver and painter.

· Important figure of the Romantic Age.

Romanticism

American

December 16, 1775 / July 18, 1817.

--> Sense and Sensibility

--> Pride and Prejudice

--> Mansfield Park (1814)

--> Persuasion (1818)   

Novelist

There are two common Themes in Austen`s book: 

· The loss of illusions – usually leading characters to a more mature outlook.

· The clash between traditional moral ideals and the everyday demands of life.

Romanticism

Scottland

August 15, 1771 / September 21, 1832.

--> Famous titles include Ivanhoe

--> Old Mortality

--> The Lady of the Lake

--> Waverley

Historical novelist, Poet, Advocate, Sheriff – Depute, Clerk of Session  

Scott was an advocate, judge and legal administrator by profession, and throughout his career combined his writing and editing work with his daily occupation as Clerk of Session and Sheriff-Depute of Selkirkshire.

Romanticism (Transcendentalism)

 American

May 25, 1803 / April 27, 1882.

--> His most famous essay was THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR

--> The Conduct Life (1860)

--> The sage of Concord (1870)

--> Society and Solitudes (1874) 

--> Poetry called Parnassus (1874).      

Harvard - -educated essayist, lecturer, philosopher and poet.

· His intellectual contributions to the philosophy of transcendentalism inspired a uniquely American idealism and spirit of reform.

· He inspired his colleagues to look into themselves, into nature, into art, and through work for answers to life’s most perplexing questions.

Romanticism (Transcendentalism)

American

July 12, 1817 / May 6, 1862.

--> Aulus Persius Flaccus (1840)

--> The Service (1840

--> A Walk to Wachusett (1842)

--> Paradise (to be) Regained (1843)

--> The Landlord (1843)

--> Summer (1884)

--> Winter (1888)

--> Autumn (1892)

--> Miscellanies (1894) and many others.

Essayist, poet and philosopher

· Civil Disobedience (Having developed the image of the government as a machine that may or may not do enough good to counterbalance what evil it commits, he urges rebellion. The opponents of reform, he recognizes, are not faraway politicians but ordinary people who cooperate with the system; The individual must not support the structure of government, must act with people, must break the law if necessary.) 

· WALDEN (He points out the forces that dull and subjugate the inner man, materialism and constant labor in particular; The reform of society rests within the individual. He said that each man is microcosm, if he works at improving himself, he reforms the world more effectively than can any philanthropic scheme or organization.?

· POSSESIONS COMPLICATE LIFE (Thoreau emphasizes the crushing, numbing effect or materialism and commercialism on the individual`s life. Property ownership and technological progress consume men before they have a chance to consider how they might live. The author encourages his contemporaries to be content with less materially.)

Romanticism (Gothic Fiction), Victorian Era and Edwardian Era.

Date of birth and death November 8, 1847 / April 20, 1912

--> Dracula (1897)

--> The jewel of the seven stars (1903)

--> The Mystery of the Sea (1902)

--> The Snake`s Pass (1890)

--> Dracula`s Guest (1914).     

Novelist

He was very famous because he started to wrote some Gothic horror novels in that period.

Romanticism (Gothic)

English (born in England)

July 9, 1764 / February 7, 1823

--> The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne (1 vol.) 1789

--> A Sicilian Romance (2 voles) 1790

--> The Romance of the Forest (3 voles) 1791

--> The Mysteries of Udolpho (4 voles) 1794

--> The Italian (3 voles) 1797

--> Gaston de Blondeville (4 voles) 1826      

Novelist

The most representative of English Gothic novelists. She stands apart in her ability to infuse scenes of terror and suspense with an aura of romantic sensibility.

Romanticism

American

January 19, 1809 / October 7, 1849.

--> The Raven,

--> The Cask of Amontillado

--> The Masque of the Red Death

--> The Tell – Tale Heart

--> The Murders in the Rue Morgue

--> The Fall of the House of Usher

--> Metzengerstein

--> The Gold Bug.    

Writer, Poet, Literary Critic and Editor.

Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre.

Transition between Transcendentalism and realism

American

May 31, 1819 / March 26, 1892.

--> Herb leaves (1855)

--> I sing of myself (1855)

--> O Captain! My Captain! (1865)

--> Drum – Taps (1865)

--> Leaves of grass (1865)

--> I sing the body Electric (1855)

--> Democracy Vistas (1871)     

Poet, Essayist, Journalist  

Is one of the most significant American writers of the 19th century, and many critics consider him the nation's greatest poet. His book "Leaves of Grass," which he edited and expanded over the course of his life, is a masterpiece of American literature.

American

December 10, 1830 / May 15, 1886.

--> Knows how forget! (1889)

--> Besides the Autumn poet sing (1889)

--> A lane of Yellow led the eye (1889)

--> I like to see it lap the Miles (1889)

--> I measure every Grief I meet (1950)

--> The Outlet (1859).     

Poet   

Emily Dickinson had greatly impacted the American Romanticism. She had embellished American literacy with her imagery, wisdom and creativity to give new meanings of life. Reviewers say that the work contributed by Dickinson has left a mark of distinctiveness on American literature.

· Lives of working class improved

· Reform Bill of 1832

· Prosperous time 1848 – 1870

· Growing literacy (compulsory education)

· Traditional gender roles

· Great emphasis on personal relationship (marriage)

Between Romanticism and Victorian Age

American, England

March 6, 1806 / June 29 1861

--> The Battle of Marathon: A poem (1820)

--> Prometheus Bound, Translate from the Greek of Aeschylus and Miscellaneous poems (1833)

--> Casa Guidi Windows. London: Chapman & Hall (1851)

--> Aurora Leigh. London: Chapman & Hall (1856)

--> Last Poems. London: Chapman & Hall (1862)

Poet

She was one of the first women to express her ideals and thoughts in this period, even though machismo was very perceptive, thus achieving that many more women have the courage to express themselves through the poem.

Victorian

English, England

May 7 1812 / December 12 1889

--> Pauline: A Fragment of a Confession (1833)

--> Strafford (play) (2837)

--> All the 8 poet called Bells and Pomegranates (1841, 1842, 1842, 1843, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846)

--> Christmas – Eve and Easter – Day (1850)

--> Men and Women (1855)

Poet and playwright

His poems are known for their irony, characterization, dark humor, social commentary, historical settings, and challenging vocabulary and syntax.

Victorian Age

British

August 6, 1809 / October 6, 1892

--> From Poems, Chiefly Lyrical (1830) its include: Nothing Will Die; All Things Will Die; The Dying Swan; The Kraten and Mariana.

--> Lady Clara Vere de Vere (1832)

--> Break, Break, Break (1842)

--> From The Princess; A Medley (1847)

   

Poet Laureate

· Alfred, Lord Tennyson, is one of the most famous poets in English literature. Many of his poems are standards of 19th-century literature and are critical and popular favorites.

· The body of critical work on him is immense, and although some of his work is seen as too sentimental today, his intellectual contributions to poetry and metaphysics are undeniable.

Victorian Age

Date of birth and death February 7, 1812 / June 9, 1870

--> The Pickwick Papers

--> Oliver Twist

--> A Christmas Carol

--> David Cooperfield

--> A Tale of Two Cities

 

Writer

· Dickens's approach to the novel is influenced by various things, including the picaresque novel tradition, melodrama, and the novel of sensibility. According to Ackroyd, other than these, perhaps the most important literary influence on him was derived from the fables of The Arabian Nights. Satire and irony are central to the picaresque novel.

· His writing style is marked by a profuse linguistic creativity. Satire, flourishing in his gift for caricature, is his forte.

· Comedy is also an aspect of the British picaresque novel tradition of Laurence Sterne, Henry Fielding, and Tobias Smollett. Fielding's Tom Jones was a major influence on the nineteenth novel including Dickens, who read it in his youth.

Victorian Era

Scottish

November 13, 1850 / December 3, 1894

--> Treasure Island

--> A Child`s Garden of Verses

--> Kidnapped

--> Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

 

Novelist, Poet and Travel writer

His method of rendering ambiguous, enigmatic personalities was one of Stevenson's greatest literary contributions.

Aesthetic / Decadent Movement and Victorian Era

Irish

October 16, 1854 / November 30, 1900

--> The Picture of Dorian Gray

--> The Importance of Being Earnest

--> De Profundis

--> The Ballad of Reading Gaol 

Author, Poet and Playwright

With his intelligent humor and sharp wit, Irish novelist, poet and playwright Oscar Wilde shocked Victorian England with his scandalous behavior. He also broadened the horizons of 19th-century English literature and opened the door for the development of modernism.

Ø  Experimentation

Ø  Symbolism

Ø  Absurdity

Ø  Formalism

Modernism

American

September 26, 1888 / January 4, 1965

--> The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (1915)

--> The Waste Land (1922)

--> Four Quartets (1943)

--> Murder in the Cathedral (1935)

Poet Essayist, Playwright, Publisher and Critic

T.S. Eliot was a modern poet that was globally renowned for his contributions to poetry and the way that he envisioned society and managed to communicate those opinions through language.

Modernism

Irish

Date of birth and death
June 13, 1865 / January 28, 1939

--> The Tower (1928)

--> In the Seven Woods (1903)

--> The Wild Swans at Coole (1919)

--> Michael Robartes and the Dancer (1921)

--> The Wanderings of Oisin and other poems (1889)

Poet

He was a Symbolist poet, using allusive imagery and symbolic structures throughout his career. He chose words and assembled them so that, in addition to a particular meaning, they suggest abstract thoughts that may seem more significant and resonant.

Modernism

Irish

February 2, 1882 / January 13, 1941

--> Dubliners

--> Ulysses

--> A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

--> Finnegans Wake

Novelist

James Joyce is regarded as the most inventive writer of modernist literature. He not only used the stream-of-consciousness method that was popular among his contemporaries in Ulysses, his best-known novel, he also wrote Finnegan's Wake, an entire novel written in a language that he invented.

--> Mrs. Dalloway (1925)

--> Orlando (1928)

--> A Room of One`s Own (1929)

--> The Waves (1931)

Contribution to Literature Woolf contributed significantly to prose fiction through her experiments with stream of consciousness and characterization; she also influenced critical thought through her analytical essays and reviews.

Modernism

American

--> Tender is the Night (1934)

--> Winter Dreams (1922)

--> The Side if Paradise (1920)

--> The Great Gatsby (1925)

--> The Beautiful and Dammed (1922)

Essayist, Novelist, Screenwriter and story writer.

Was the poet laureate of the “Jazz Age,” a term he popularized to convey the post-World War I era's newfound prosperity, consumerism, and shifting sexual mores.

Modernism

American

March 26, 1874 / January 29, 1963

--> A Boy`s Will
--> North of Boston

Poet and Playwright

In providing an overview of Frost's style, the Poetry Foundation makes the same point, placing Frost's work "at the crossroads of nineteenth-century American poetry [with regard to his use of traditional forms] and modernism [with his use of idiomatic language and ordinary, everyday subject matter]." They also note that Frost believed that "the self-imposed restrictions of meter in form" was more helpful than harmful because he could focus on the content of his poems instead of concerning himself with creating "innovative" new verse forms.

Modernism

American

July 21, 1899 / July 2, 1961

--> The Sun Also Rises (1926)

--> The Old Man and the Sea (1952)

--> For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)

--> The Killers (1927)

--> A Farewell to Arms (1929)

Journalist, Novelist, Short – story writer and Sportsman.

His prolific literary contributions also include collections of short stories, many of which have appeared in anthologies and textbooks. He also published nonfiction, memoirs, and essays, often about hunting, fishing, and bullfighting, all activities long associated with Hemingway's life and career.

Post Modernism

American

September 21, 1866 / August 13, 1946

-->The Time Machine (1985) 

-->The War of the World (1898)

-->Toon- Bungay (Comic novel)

-->The History of Mr. Polly (comic novel) 

-->The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896) 

-->The Invisible Man (1897)

Novelist, Journalist, Sociologist and historian.

Wells was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature four times.

Post Modernism

Irish

April 13, 1906 / December 22, 1989

-->Murphy

-->Watt

-->Molloy

-->Malone Dies

-->The Unnamable

-->Waiting for Godot

-->Endgame

Novelist, Playwright, Poet, Theatre director, Essayist, Literary translation

Contribution to Literature Notable awards. (Croix de Guerre 1945) (Nobel Prize in Literature 1989)

Post Modernism

British (1856- 1950) and Irish (dual nationality 1939- 1950)

July 26, 1856 / November 2, 1950

-->Widowers ‘Houses

-->The Philanderer

-->Arms and the Man

-->Caesar and Cleopatra

-->Captain Brass Bound’s Conversation

-->Candida

Playwright, Critic, Polemicist, Political Activist

With a range incorporating both contemporary satire and historical allegory, Shaw became the leading dramatist of his generation, and in 1925 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Post Modernism

American

-->The Catcher in the Rye (1951)

-->Nine Stories (1953)

-->Franny and Zooey (1961)

-->Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction (1963)

Writer

Salinger was a literary giant despite his slim body of work and reclusive lifestyle. His landmark novel, The Catcher in the Rye, set a new course for literature in post-WWII America and vaulted Salinger to the heights of literary fame.