https://loveman.sdsu.edu/docs/1885GeneralActBerlinConference.pdf?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Conference

https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195337709.001.0001/acref-9780195337709-e-0467

https://www.britannica.com/event/Scramble-for-Africa

Organized the conflict of European powers fighting over African territory.

Laying out the actual rules for the control of the African territory

Aloud for free trade along the congo and niger river>>>> ensure King Leopold II's control of the Congo

***THERE WAS NO AFRICA REPRESENTATIVE OR LEADER***

Was hosted by Germany ( Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

Autraia-Hungary

Belgium

Denmark

France

Germnay

Great Britain

Italy

Netherlands

Portugal

Russia

Spain

Sweden-Norway

Turkey (Ottoman Empire)

The United States

The British saw the control of the Suez Canal as a way to shorter their sea trade to Asia and play a significant role in India.

The British saw Egypt as an economic opportunity. ( E.g., canal & cotton industry)

NATIONALISM

Once the British were in control, there was a shift in education. British policies promoted a more Western-leaning education system, and funding for Islamic education was reduced.

Like with education, British cultural influence things in Europe, like the dress-wear and social norms.

To counter the British, there was a surge of the Egyptian nationalism movement and ideology.

The emphasis on cash crops to benefit the British led to the people of Egypt facing famines.

The British led Egypt into more debt with their overbearing policies.

E.g., the British bank profited vastly; consequently, the people of Egypt face the opposite effects.

Increasing production in the cotton industry to boost Britain's economic benefit led to the deterioration of soil quality in Egypt.

Salinization, which is the reduction of land fertility over time, occurs in Egypt due to the continuation of Over-irrigation.

When colonial borders are established, an ethnic tribe or group splits. This has led to conflict and civil war among ethnic groups wanting independence.

The was a present of suppressing indigenous cultures that also occurred. European powers force their language into things like the education system. They push Westernized ideology and suppress traditional beliefs, including folk religion and language.

Soft control was also used. Christian missionaries, as well as religious conversion, were soft control methods.

The extraction of raw materials and resources benefited European power very favorably. However, this was not the case for Africa.

Indigenous people were forced into labor.

There were harsh taxation systems.

There was industrial development. However, it benefited the European power exporting system.

There is close to no investment or economic benefit for African locals

Due to the vast extraction, Africa's environment faces deforestation and the depletion of forests, soil, and wildlife.

Like in Egypt, cash crops led to the damaging of soil fertility.

There was a lack of diverse agriculture