https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1 Theoretical Frame en-us 2017-11-09 02:40:41 UTC 2023-05-20 09:12:13 UTC hello@padlet.com sonjablumentritt https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205118250 Constructivist are able to construct their own understanding of the world, “through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences. When we encounter something new, we have to reconcile it with our previous ideas and experience, maybe changing what we believe, or maybe discarding the new information as irrelevant” (Concepts to Classroom, 2004).  Because knowledge is built on an individual’s reality and personal experiences, their knowledge might not accurately represent true reality. ]]> 2017-11-09 02:40:41 UTC https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205118250 sonjablumentritt https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205118251 Constructivism is the process of generating knowledge from prior life experiences and situations. According to Sheila Scott, knowledge and beliefs are formed within the learner and learning is considered a social activity enhanced by sharing inquiry” (2006). The knowledge an individual gains is from the interpretation of their experiences. Individuals will generate knowledge as they experience different situations and interpret them separately. Individuals are actively pursuing a making meaning for all life experiences. Constructivist are able to construct their own understanding of the world, “through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences. When we encounter something new, we have to reconcile it with our previous ideas and experience, maybe changing what we believe, or maybe discarding the new information as irrelevant” (Concepts to Classroom, 2004).  Because knowledge is built on an individual’s reality and personal experiences, their knowledge might not accurately represent true reality. “People actively construct or create their own subjective representations of objective reality” (David, 2015). Knowledge can be changed if new information conflicts with prior information. An individual’s knowledge should be verified against knowledge of others to check from commonalities. ]]> 2017-11-09 02:40:41 UTC https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205118251 sonjablumentritt https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205118252 This is driven by ontological beliefs and focuses on the nature of philosophy (Guba & Lincoln, 1995). Post-positivists believe that concepts, experience, knowledge and morals of the philosopher can influence what is observed during discovery.  ]]> 2017-11-09 02:40:41 UTC https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205118252 sonjablumentritt https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205118253 Post-positivists recognize the effects of biases and pursue research objectively. They believe that human knowledge is not based on the tangible and supported evidence, but rather on human inferences. “The post-positivist believes that the goal of science is to hold steadfastly to the goal of getting it right about reality, even though we can never achieve that goal” (Trochim, 2006)]]> 2017-11-09 02:40:41 UTC https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205118253 sonjablumentritt https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205118254 This paradigm focuses on the individual’s reality and that “the subjective is a valid form of knowledge (not necessarily more valid than the objective, but of equal validity), and that all people are capable of naming their own world and constructing knowledge…” (Ryan, 2006). ]]> 2017-11-09 02:40:41 UTC https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205118254 sonjablumentritt https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205118255 Post-Positivism is a theoretical position that critiques and disagrees with Logical Positivism. This is driven by ontological beliefs and focuses on the nature of philosophy (Guba & Lincoln, 1995). Post-positivists believe that concepts, experience, knowledge and morals of the philosopher can influence what is observed during discovery. This paradigm focuses on the individual’s reality and that “the subjective is a valid form of knowledge (not necessarily more valid than the objective, but of equal validity), and that all people are capable of naming their own world and constructing knowledge…” (Ryan, 2006).  Post-positivists recognize the effects of biases and try to pursue research as objectively as possible. They believe that human knowledge is not based on the tangible and supported evidence, but rather on human inferences. “The post-positivist believes that the goal of scienceis to hold steadfastly to the goal of getting it right about reality, even though we can never achieve that goal” (Trochim, 2006). This is an impossible goal because of human mistakes and natural flaws. Therefore, Post-Positivism is not a form of belief, however, it preserves the indication of the objective truth. ]]> 2017-11-09 02:40:41 UTC https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205118255 sonjablumentritt https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205118256 The Vienna Circle wanted to move philosophy in a direction that required evidence and structure. This means a statement can only be true if it can be empirically verified in principal. There are two types of statements that are said to be true according to the Empirical criteria of meaning established by the Vienna Circle. Analytic statements are true by definition and synthetic statements are true by experience (Tipton, 2012). ]]> 2017-11-09 02:40:41 UTC https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205118256 sonjablumentritt https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205118258 “A statement is meaningful only if it is either purely formal (essentially, mathematics and logic) or capable of empirical verification (Mastin, 2008). If a statement could not be verified, for example religion or ethics, the statement would be considered false in terms of Logical Positivisms. ]]> 2017-11-09 02:40:41 UTC https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205118258 sonjablumentritt https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205118259 They believed “that scientific knowledge is the only kind of factual knowledge and that all traditional metaphysical doctrines are to be rejected as meaningless” (Duignan, 2015). ]]> 2017-11-09 02:40:41 UTC https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205118259 sonjablumentritt https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205118260 Starting in the 1920’s, the philosophers known as the Vienna Circle started questioning the history of philosophy. They believed prior philosophy was obscure because it focused on speculation rather than evidence and support. They believed “that scientific knowledge is the only kind of factual knowledge and that all traditional metaphysical doctrines are to be rejected as meaningless” (Duignan, 2015). This specific group focused on emperisism. The Vienna Circle began to push the importance of verifiability. They wanted to move philosophy in a direction that required evidence and structure.  There are two types of statements that are said to be true according to the Empirical criteria of meaning established by the Vienna Circle. Analytic statements are true by definition and synthetic statements are true by experience (Tipton, 2012). Philosophical statements must have the ability to be verified for it to be recognized as true. “A statement is meaningful only if it is either purely formal (essentially, mathematics and logic) or capable of empirical verification (Mastin, 2008). If a statement could not be verified, for example religion or ethics, the statement would be considered false in terms of Logical Positivisms. ]]> 2017-11-09 02:40:41 UTC https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205118260 sonjablumentritt https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205568886 Because knowledge is built on an individual’s reality and personal experiences, their knowledge might not accurately represent true reality. “People actively construct or create their own subjective representations of objective reality” (David, 2015).]]> 2017-11-10 03:32:02 UTC https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205568886 sonjablumentritt https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205569831 According to Sheila Scott, knowledge and beliefs are formed within the learner and learning is considered a social activity enhanced by sharing inquiry” (2006). The knowledge an individual gains is from the interpretation of their experiences.]]> 2017-11-10 03:42:24 UTC https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205569831 sonjablumentritt https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205570582 The Scientific Management Theory was first established by Fredrick Taylor. He wanted to create a work environment that helped the productivity of businesses. He wanted to make work more standardized and efficient by studying the employees work processes. He was able to apply basic scientific research to the work environment. He strived to move away from the individual way of accomplishing a task and standardize performance. To do this, he encouraged the division of labor. This divided the work into simple steps and one person would accomplish either one or two steps. “Breaking down work into simple repetitive tasks eliminates unnecessary motion and limits the handling of different tools and parts” (Sampaolo, 2017). He also encouraged hierarchy because he thought it was important to have the managers create, design, and enforce the design processes. “Scientific management required managers to walk around with stop watches and note pads carrying out time-and-motion studies on workers in different departments” (The Economist Newspaper, 2017).  He also pushed selection and training of “first-class employees” (Taylor, 1911). He believed the hardest workers should be paid more than those who did not perform as quickly and accurately. Taylor believed in the idea of “a fair a day’s pay for a fair of day’s work” because all workers were driven by money (Taylor, 1911). He used the Time and Motion method. Time focused on performing a task in the least amount of time and motion focused on performing a task in the fewest amount of steps. ]]> 2017-11-10 03:50:47 UTC https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205570582 sonjablumentritt https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205573133 He also encouraged hierarchy because he thought it was important to have the managers create, design, and enforce the design processes. “Scientific management required managers to walk around with stop watches and note pads carrying out time-and-motion studies on workers in different departments” (The Economist Newspaper, 2017). ]]> 2017-11-10 04:25:57 UTC https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205573133 sonjablumentritt https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205573364 He wanted to make work more standardized and efficient by studying the employees work processes. He was able to apply basic scientific research to the work environment. He strived to move away from the individual way of accomplishing a task and standardize performance. ]]> 2017-11-10 04:29:42 UTC https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205573364 sonjablumentritt https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205573609 To standardize performance, he encouraged the division of labor. This divided the work into simple steps and one person would accomplish either one or two steps. “Breaking down work into simple repetitive tasks eliminates unnecessary motion and limits the handling of different tools and parts” (Sampaolo, 2017). ]]> 2017-11-10 04:33:22 UTC https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205573609 sonjablumentritt https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205900991 2017-11-11 16:38:06 UTC https://padlet.com/sonjablumentritt/co78m4xia8t1/wish/205900991