Pharm unit 2 discussion board by Claude Tefang https://padlet.com/claudetefang1/cnlekd96qkv6tdjv 2 subdivisions of the automated nervous system en-us 2023-02-15 16:52:01 UTC 2025-11-11 01:21:43 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/2764.png Two divisions of the automated nervous system and their alternate names claudetefang1 https://padlet.com/claudetefang1/cnlekd96qkv6tdjv/wish/2483780673
  • Sympathetic Nervous System – fight, fright, flight
    • adrenergic
  • Parasympathetic Nervous System – rest and digest
    • cholinergic

    • ]]>     2023-02-15 16:57:09 UTC https://padlet.com/claudetefang1/cnlekd96qkv6tdjv/wish/2483780673     Neurotransmitters - identified claudetefang1 https://padlet.com/claudetefang1/cnlekd96qkv6tdjv/wish/2483783356
  • Sympathetic nervous system 
    • Acetylcholine (ACH)
    • Norepinephrine (NE)
    • Epinephrine (EPI)
    • Dopamine (DA)
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
    • NT is acetylcholine (ACH)


    • ]]>     2023-02-15 16:58:45 UTC https://padlet.com/claudetefang1/cnlekd96qkv6tdjv/wish/2483783356     Locations where each NT is released claudetefang1 https://padlet.com/claudetefang1/cnlekd96qkv6tdjv/wish/2483784002 Sympathetic nervous system: 
    • Acetylcholine (ACH)-cholinergic
    • NT released at ganglia from presynaptic nerve endings (both systems)
    • Norepinephrine (NE)-adrenergic
    • NT released at postganglionic nerve endings
    • Epinephrine (EPI)-adrenergic
    • acts on adrenergic receptors
      • produced by adrenal medulla
    • Dopamine (DA)
    • sympathetic and CNS neurotransmitter 
    • precursor to NE 
    • stimulates many receptors (alpha, beta, dopaminergic); different actions based on dose given

    Parasympathetic nervous system 
    • NT released at ganglia and postganglionic nerve endings is ACH (cholinergic)

    ]]>     2023-02-15 16:59:13 UTC https://padlet.com/claudetefang1/cnlekd96qkv6tdjv/wish/2483784002     Receptors & their locations claudetefang1 https://padlet.com/claudetefang1/cnlekd96qkv6tdjv/wish/2483791861 Sympathetic
    • Alpha 1: found on glands, smooth muscles, eyes, most arteries and veins 
    • Beta 1: located on the heart 
    • Beta 2: Located on smooth muscle, lungs. Uterus, skeletal muscle arteries, coronary arteries
    Parasympathetic 
    • muscarinic:
      • located on cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands
      • at parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings 
      • decrease HR, bronchoconstriction, ­ digestion, ­ GI secretions, and ­urination, pupillary constriction
    • nicotinic 1 (Nn): 
      • at ganglia of parasympathetic nerves and sympathetic nerves (synapse area) 
    • nicotinic 2 (Nm): 
      • somatic, neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle  
      • If stimulated, muscle contracts. (Somatic Nervous system-voluntary control; division of Peripheral Nervous System)



    ]]>     2023-02-15 17:04:42 UTC https://padlet.com/claudetefang1/cnlekd96qkv6tdjv/wish/2483791861     Organs & responses stimulated claudetefang1 https://padlet.com/claudetefang1/cnlekd96qkv6tdjv/wish/2483794518 Sympathetic
    • Adrenal medulla → Release of epinephrine 
    • Arteries → Vasoconstriction (exceptions are the coronary arteries and arteries to skeletal muscles which are dilated) 
    • Heart → Increase heart rate and AV conduction; increases contractility 
    • Intestines, GI motility, and secretions → Decreased 
    • Postganglionic neurotransmitter → Norepinephrine released 
    • Pupil of the eye → dilation (mydriasis) 
    • Respiratory passages, lower → Bronchodilation 
    • Urinary bladder → Relaxation 
    • Urinary sphincter → contraction 
    Parasympathetic
    • Adrenal medulla → NA 
    • Arteries → most arteries are not supplied by parasympathetic nerves 
    • Heart → Decreases heart rate and AV+ conduction; Slightly decrease in contractility 
    • Intestines, GI motility, and secretions → increased 
    • Postganglionic neurotransmitter → acetylcholine released 
    • Pupil of the eye → constriction (miosis)
    • Respiratory passages, lower → bronchoconstriction
    • Urinary bladder → contraction 
    • Urinary sphincter → Relaxation 


    ]]>     2023-02-15 17:06:34 UTC https://padlet.com/claudetefang1/cnlekd96qkv6tdjv/wish/2483794518     Sympathetic- Drug Classification, Receptors, and MOA claudetefang1 https://padlet.com/claudetefang1/cnlekd96qkv6tdjv/wish/2483798570 Classification: Adrenergic Agonists 
    • Receptors: Alpha-1 
    • Action: contraction of smooth muscle, blood vessels constrict, increases BP 
      • vasoconstriction of nasal passages → decongestant effect
      • Stimulates all alpha and beta receptors, an exception
      • Vasopressor-vasoconstriction, increases BP
      • Cardiac stimulant
      • Bronchodilator
    Classification: Adrenergic-blocking drugs 
    • Receptors: Alpha-1 
    • MOA:
      • binds to alpha-1 receptors and blocks them
      • relaxation of smooth muscle 
      • vasodilation of blood vessels, decreases BP
      • relaxes smooth muscle of ureters and increases urine flow
    Classification: Beta-adrenergic agonists 
    • Receptor: Beta-1
    • MOA:  
      • Low dose-stimulates dopaminergic (d-1) receptors in kidneys causing vasodilation and increased renal blood flow
      • Moderate dose-stimulates  beta 1 receptors-heart, increases force of contraction and cardiac output 
      • High dose- stimulates alpha-1 receptors causing vasoconstriction à increase in blood pressure
    • Receptor: Beta-2
    • MOA: 
      • stimulates beta 2 receptors 
      • relaxation of the smooth muscle of the lungs → bronchodilation
      • relaxation of the smooth muscle of the uterus
    Classification: Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs 
    • Receptors: Selective Beta-1 blockers 
    • Action: 
      • beta-1 receptor is blocked (antagonizes beta-1 effects of NE and EPI)   
      • decreases the force of contraction  (negative inotropic), decreases cardiac output
      • decreases HR  (negative chronotropic) 
      • decreases conduction (negative dromotropic)
      • decrease in cardiac output also decreases BP
    • Receptor: Non-selective beta blockers 
    • Action: 
      • block beta-1 and beta-2 receptors 
      • decreases the force of contraction  (negative inotropic), decreases cardiac output
      • decreases HR  (negative chronotropic) 
      • decreases conduction (negative dromotropic)
      • decrease in cardiac output also decreases BP
      • can cause bronchoconstriction
    ]]>     2023-02-15 17:09:30 UTC https://padlet.com/claudetefang1/cnlekd96qkv6tdjv/wish/2483798570     Drugs examples: Sympathetic claudetefang1 https://padlet.com/claudetefang1/cnlekd96qkv6tdjv/wish/2486394911 Sympathetic 
    • Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists
      • ephedrine
      • phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)
      • Adrenergic Agonists
      • epinephrine (Adrenalin®)
    • Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blockers
      • prazosin (Minipress®)
      • terazosin (Hytrin®)
      • doxazosin (Cardura®)
    • Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonists
      • dobutamine
    • Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists
      • formoterol (Foradil®)
      • albuterol (Proventil®, Ventolin®)
      • terbutaline (Brethine®)
    • Beta Blockers
    • Nonselective
      • nadolol (Corgard®)
      • propranolol (Inderal®)
      • timolol (Blocadren®)
    • Selective
      • atenolol (Tenormin®)
      • metoprolol (Lopressor®) 







    ]]>     2023-02-17 14:32:37 UTC https://padlet.com/claudetefang1/cnlekd96qkv6tdjv/wish/2486394911     Parasympathetic- Drug Classification, Receptors, & MOA claudetefang1 https://padlet.com/claudetefang1/cnlekd96qkv6tdjv/wish/2486438024 Classification: Direct-acting cholinergic agonists 
    • Receptor: Muscarinic
    • MOA: 
      • directly stimulate/bind to the muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic division 
      • mimics ACH
    Classification: Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists 
    • Receptor: All receptor sites (Muscarinic, Nicotinic-neural, Nicotinic-muscle) 
    • MOA: 
      • inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that destroys ACH in the synapse
      • increases ACH 
    Classification: Anticholinergics/parasympatholytics 
    • Receptor: Cholinergic/ Muscarinic 
    • MOA: 
      • bind to a cholinergic receptor 
      • acts as a blocking drug; competitive antagonism

    ]]>     2023-02-17 15:06:03 UTC https://padlet.com/claudetefang1/cnlekd96qkv6tdjv/wish/2486438024     Drug examples: Parasympathetic claudetefang1 https://padlet.com/claudetefang1/cnlekd96qkv6tdjv/wish/2486452193
    • Direct Acting Cholinergic Agonist
      • acetylcholine
      • pilocarpine (Pilocar®)
      • bethanechol (Urecholine®)
    • Indirect Acting Cholinergic Agents
      • neostigmine (Prostigmin®) 
    • Anticholinergics
      • atropine
      • dicyclomine (Bentyl®)
    ]]>     2023-02-17 15:18:08 UTC https://padlet.com/claudetefang1/cnlekd96qkv6tdjv/wish/2486452193     Citation claudetefang1 https://padlet.com/claudetefang1/cnlekd96qkv6tdjv/wish/2486458835 https://use.vg/8k73XD 
    https://use.vg/Ac3xG7]]>     2023-02-17 15:23:30 UTC https://padlet.com/claudetefang1/cnlekd96qkv6tdjv/wish/2486458835