Racism During the Covid-19 Pandemic by ZAFIRA NATASYA YONG ZAFIRA NATASYA YONG https://padlet.com/2020479798/cmy0gg59fzw4uxdq EIC601 Term Paper en-us 2023-01-29 16:13:46 UTC 2026-01-10 05:23:01 UTC hello@padlet.com Frameworks 2020479798 https://padlet.com/2020479798/cmy0gg59fzw4uxdq/wish/2460389745  Hofstede Cultural Dimension Framework 

  • The Hofstede (1980) Cultural Dimension theory was first brought out in 1980 introducing the 4 cultural dimension elements which are power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs collectivism and masculinity vs femininity 
  • Then in 1991, the short vs long term orientation element was added into Hofstede’s dimension that was identified from a research paper written by Michael Bond.
  • Later in 2010, Hofstede introduced a final element to his cultural dimension framework which is the indulgences vs restraint element that was founded based on Michael Minkov’s World Values Survey analysis (Hofstede, 2011). 
  • The power distance element in Hofstede's Cultural Dimension theory is defined as the level of respect one has for an institution and how they expect the power in those groups to be distributed unequally according to their hierarchy. 
  • Uncertainty avoidance is the picture of how a society deals with ambiguity and to what extent do they feel comfortable with unstructured situations. 
  • Individualism vs Collectivism in Hofstede (1980) Cultural Dimension theory refers to the characteristics of a social group whether they work as one individual or as one collective group. 
  • Masculinity and femininity element on the other hand is defined as the distribution of gender roles in a society in which a dominant role is classified as masculine whereas the caring and modest characters are catagorised as feminine. 
  • Long vs short term orientation is a way to identify if a culture values the security of a future or values the short term present orientation. 
  • Lastly, indulgence vs restraint refers to the way society goes on with their life, either they are carefree in life or more cautious with the decisions made.
  • During our discussion on frameworks to describe the issue at hand, Hofstede's (1980) Cultural Dimension theory comes to mind as it describes how different cultural dimensions determine one's behaviour and decision-making. 
  • An example to illustrate this is how Hofstede's power distance elements show how individuals who came from a culture with a large power distance are prone to be respectful towards other people. 
  • Hence it lessens the probability of them being racist towards people with different cultural backgrounds. 
  •  Thus, upon discussing, we determined that Hofstede's (1980) Cultural Dimension theory suits to be the framework chosen for this term paper.  

     


]]> 2023-01-29 16:18:21 UTC https://padlet.com/2020479798/cmy0gg59fzw4uxdq/wish/2460389745 How to see the issue via Hofstede's Cultural Dimension Framework 2020479798 https://padlet.com/2020479798/cmy0gg59fzw4uxdq/wish/2460392553
In order to relate these findings with Hofestede's Cultural Dimension Theory, we will use his framework's collective vs. individual element. As mentioned, Hofstede's collective vs. individual cultural dimension is defined as how a social group values its togetherness. People who belong to a collectivistic culture are much closer to their members and more empathetic towards others than those who belong to an individualistic culture. Let us look at the perspective of those in the United States, as the findings mentioned most of them from this country. According to Hofstede's cultural compass, Americans score very high as an individualistic culture by 91%. Thus we can conclude why many incidents of racism are reported in the United States or why their former president acts the way he does because they do not value togetherness and care for other people's feelings. Thus, it is proven how we can look into this issue via the cultural lens of Hofstede's (1980) Cultural Dimension theory. 


]]> 2023-01-29 16:22:58 UTC https://padlet.com/2020479798/cmy0gg59fzw4uxdq/wish/2460392553 References 2020479798 https://padlet.com/2020479798/cmy0gg59fzw4uxdq/wish/2460393056
Abaraham, P., Williams, E., Bishay, A. E., Farah, I., Tamayo-Murillo, D., & Newton, I. G. (2021). The Roots of Structural Racism in the United States and their Manifestations During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Academic Radiology, 28(7), 893-903. Doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2021.03.025

Amanuel, E., Jehonathan, B., Fethi, M., & Yin, P. (2021). Racism and nationality during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 44(5), 783-793. DOI: 10.1080/01419870.2020.1851382

Banton, M. (1992). The Nature and Causes of Racism and Racial Discrimination. International Sociology, 7(1), 69-83. https://sci-hub.ru/https://doi.org/10.1177/026858092007001004 

Cennimo, D. J. (2022). Coronavirus Diseases (2012) (COVID-19): Practice Essentials, Background, Route of Transmission. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500114-overview

Cohrs, J. C. & Duckitt, J. (2012). Prejudice: Types and Origin of. In D. J. Christie (3rd ed.) The Encyclopedia of Peach Psychology. (pp. 880-887). Malden. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301223026_Prejudice_Types_and_Origins_of 

Concepts of a Minority: Mandate Definition. (n.d.). United Nation. https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-minority-issues/concept-minority-mandate-definition 

Dubey, A. D.  (2020). The Resurgence of Cyber Racism During the Covid-19 Pandemic and its Aftereffects: Analysis of Sentiments and Emotions in Tweets. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32936772/ 

Haokip, T. (2020). From ”Chinky” to “Coronavirus”: racism against Northeast Indians during the Covid-19 pandemic. Asian Ethnicity, 1(1), 1-21. Doi: 10.1080/14631369.2020.1763161

Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014

Marx, D. M. & Sei, J. K. (2019). Stereotypes and Prejudice. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.30

Matthew, C. & Jeffrey, S. D. (2015). Sociology of Racism. In James, D. W. The International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Science, 19(1), 867-863. Elsevier. 

Melillo, G. (2022). Racial discrimination led to dramatic spikes in depressive symptoms, suicidality during COVID-19. The Hill. https://thehill.com/changing-america/well-being/mental-health/3577727-racial-discrimination-led-to-dramatic-spikes-in-depressive-symptoms-suicidality-during-covid-19/ 
]]> 2023-01-29 16:23:53 UTC https://padlet.com/2020479798/cmy0gg59fzw4uxdq/wish/2460393056 Related Past Studies https://padlet.com/2020479798/cmy0gg59fzw4uxdq/wish/2460395768 1. 
There are a few related past studies that researchers in this study have discovered. According to Haokip (2020), based on the virus’s origin and highly contagious nature, the Covid-19 pandemic has received significant racial stigmatisation worldwide. The stigmatisation of Asian people as potential virus carriers and prejudice have been occurring everywhere. It is also mentioned how the legislative steps to address the social issue will lessen the acts of racism, but there is still a long way to go in tackling hidden racial behaviours rooted in nature. 
2. 
Moreover, the second study related to our research is about worldwide immigrants and minority groups being heavily impacted by racism and xenophobia linked to the Covid-19 pandemic, according to Elias (2020). Racism also negatively affects people who already experience overlapping social, economic, and health risks, intensifying the current patterns of discrimination and unfairness. 
3. 
Last but not least, Dubey (2020) stated that some people had implicated China and the World Health Organization is responsible for spreading the disease due to the rising number of Covid-19 patients worldwide. As a result, there have been reports of racist and xenophobic incidents worldwide. Ethnic Asians are increasingly being targeted due to US President Donald Trump’s usage of the term “Chinese Virus,” where similar trends may be seen online, with a spike in hostile posts and comments.

]]> 2023-01-29 16:27:40 UTC https://padlet.com/2020479798/cmy0gg59fzw4uxdq/wish/2460395768