SP22 689 Weekly Wall 4 by Sara Police https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9 Identify a research paper relevant to this week’s topic. Post the citation along with answers to these questions in a padlet post to The Weekly Wall. Your post should be at least 150 words (not counting the citation). Respond to a classmate’s padlet with a question, comment or link to a related study. Address the following questions: 1) Why is this study important 2) Identify one key finding of this study and describe how it relates to nutritional sciences. 3) What are the clinical implications of this study? en-us 2022-01-03 18:30:35 UTC 2025-12-13 18:38:58 UTC hello@padlet.com Iodine and Thyroid Hormones During Pregnancy ccci222 https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2026595944 This week's article discusses how Iodine supplementation is important during pregnancy. This topic was chosen based on previous knowledge from a physiology course that discussed the relationship between thyroid disease and iodine. Iodine is an essential micronutrient that’s generally found in seafood. Many environmental and geographical factors influence the epidemiology of thyroid disorders, and even relatively small differences in the level of iodine intake within a population have profound effects on the occurrence of thyroid abnormalities. Iodine is required for the synthesis of thyroxine(T4) and triiodothyronine(T3), important thyroid hormones. Iodination of thyroglobulin occurs which transports T3 and T4 into the thyroid follicular cell where the complex is cleaved and free T3 and T4 enter the blood. T3 and T4 are important hormones in fetal neuron development. If the mother has low levels of iodine, low levels of T3 and T4 the fetus can cause impaired brain development which can lead to cretinism. Not only is iodine important for brain development but also is important because it can prevent hypothyroidism induced by pregnancy. Obstetrician’s should consider iodine supplements for patients that are pregnant or looking to become pregnant. 


​​Pérez-López FR. Iodine and thyroid hormones during pregnancy and postpartum. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2007 Jul;23(7):414-28. doi: 10.1080/09513590701464092. PMID: 17701774.
]]> 2022-02-03 01:45:01 UTC https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2026595944 Thyroid Diseases and the Heart- Ashley Wahlman anwa238 https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2030962104 I found this to be a very interesting article discussing some of the most significant signs and symptoms for thyroid diseases which tend to be cardiac manifestations. As mentioned in the article they discussed how this is a symptom that is typically overlooked in clinical practice. Also, when patients present with pulmonary hypertension it is important to assess the thyroid function. One key finding in this study is that sinus tachycardia is the most common rhythm disturbance in patients with hyperthyroidism. A low serum TSH level is also low in patients with new onset atrial fibrillation. Testing the TSH level in patients with a sudden onset of atrial fibrillation is important for also diagnosing them with a thyroid disease. You can restore TSH levels with intaking more iodine, which would be located in more fish.  The clinical implications of this study is that we can be more aware of other clinical manifestations that may be a sign of a thyroid disorder that may appear first such as atrial fibrillation.

Klein, I., & Danzi, S. (2016). Thyroid Disease and the Heart. Current problems in cardiology, 41(2), 65–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2015.04.002]]> 2022-02-05 21:11:52 UTC https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2030962104 Leaky Gut -> Hashimoto Thyroiditis? rwpr222 https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2031439314 The research paper selected for this week is titled: “Detection of Alterations in the Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Permeability in Patients with Hashimoto Thyroiditis.”
 
This research paper is a 2021 cohort study from São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.  They have evaluated alterations in the gut microbiota in Brazilian patients with Hashimoto Thyroiditis (HT) and correlated this data with dietary habits, clinical data, and systemic cytokines and zonulin concentrations. 

This study is important because HT is thought to be the most common autoimmune disease with worldwide prevalence of 10-12%.   The study evaluated stool samples from 40 patients with HT and 53 controls, they were analyzed to evaluate difference in the bacterial type and quantity.  The serum cytokine levels were compared between HT patients and controls.  Zonulin (a gut protein associated with Tight junctions and leaky gut) concentrations were compared.  HT patients and controls dietary habits were recorded by a food frequency questionnaire and compared.

The key findings from this study are that the zonulin serum concentrations were significantly increased in patients with HT when compared with controls, implying a leaky gut.  High zonulin serum concentrations correlated with elevated interferon-gamma- and inversely correlated with Interleukin-2 (regulators of the immune system.)  A significant increase in the Bacteroides species was observed in the samples derived from patients compared with control subjects. A significant decrease in the Bifidobacterium species was observed in the stool samples isolated from patients with HT when compared with controls. The authors also found an inverse correlation between animal-derived protein consumption by patients and the quantities of Bacteroides species

Clinical implication from of this study are not directly obvious, but is directional in our efforts to prevent and treat HT.  Will scientist discover ways to promote an healthy microbiome and ways to prevent leaky gut with subsequent decrease incidence of HT?   Just as we use a lipid profile today, in the future will we be checking our microbiome and zonulin concentrations to make corrections?1


Cayres LCF, de Salis LVV, Rodrigues GSP, et al. Detection of Alterations in the Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Permeability in Patients with Hashimoto Thyroiditis. Front Immunol. 2021;12:579140. Published 2021 Mar 5. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.579140

 
Richard Proudfoot

 

]]> 2022-02-06 13:53:53 UTC https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2031439314 Katelyn Spain: Smoking status and changes in thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxine levels during a decade of follow-up: The Tehran thyroid study https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2031729965 The purpose of this study was to identify the correlation of smoking and the alterations of thyroid hormones overtime. This study is important because it shows that TSH is decreased and FT4 is increased in people that smoke. Lowered TSH levels in the thyroid are an indication of hyperthyroidism. Increased FT4 levels are an indication of hyperthyroidism, as well. Hyperthyroidism is what contributes to autoimmune diseases, such as Graves disease. A significant finding of this study was that of the three different groups (non-smokers, ex-smokers, and smokers) the non-smoking group and ex-smoking group exhibited a statistically significant increase in TSH levels during the follow-up period, while the smokers had decreasing TSH levels. This shows that smoking is contributing to the decrease in TSH in the body and is poorly affected overall nutrition of the body. The clinical implications of this study are that in the effort to prevent and treat patients that exhibit hyperthyroidism and smoke, that they need to be aware of smoking and its potential cause of hyperthyroidism and levels of hormones in the body.
Kadkhodazadeh, H., Amouzegar, A., Mehran, L., Gharibzadeh, S., Azizi, F., & Tohidi, M. (2020). Smoking status and changes in thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxine levels during a decade of follow-up: The Tehran thyroid study. Caspian journal of internal medicine, 11(1), 47–52. https://doi.org/10.22088/cjim.11.1.47]]> 2022-02-06 18:56:27 UTC https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2031729965 Ivana Djuricic-Supplementation in Autoimmune Thyroid Hashimoto’s Disease. https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2033709417 Paulina Ihnatowicz, Paweł Wątor, Małgorzata Ewa Drywień. Supplementation in Autoimmune Thyroid Hashimoto’s Disease. Vitamin D and Selenium. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. Vol. 7, No. 8, 2019, pp 584-591. http://pubs.sciepub.com/jfnr/7/8/6

This is a review of a combination of studies done on supplementation in autoimmune thyroid Hashimoto's Disease (HT) with Vitamin D (VD) , Selenium (Se), and possibly Magnesium (Mg). The overarching goal was to try to shed light on how vitamin D status affects HT, how selenium status affects HT, and the possibility of combining the two to see how they affect each other and the disease course by reviewing multiple clinical studies that have included these nutrients as a therapy for HT. Honestly I thought it was important because I have low Vitamin D and a family history of thyroid disease and I wanted to see the effects that vitamin D has on the thyroid. What I found was that there are actually a lot of people with low vitamin D and most of the people with HT actually do have low vitamin D serum concentrations so supplementation could be an important avenue for mitigation of disease.
Although this review reports conflicting results from different studies and mentions the needs for more clinical longitudinal studies, there was an interesting study that administered concomitant use of cholecalciferol (inactive form of vitamin D) along with selenomethionine (organic Se compound) in young women with HT. Divided into 2 groups, both were given 4000 IU of VD daily, but one group was given 200microg of Se daily and one was not. The VD serum levels were a mean 20-21 ng/mL for both groups, but after the study the Se-treated groups VD serum levels were 43.2 compared to 41.1 ng/mL in the nonSe-treated group. TPO-Abs and TG-Abs decreased 38.5% and 33.8%, respectively, for the Se-treated group. For the VD only nonSe-treated group TPO-Abs and TG-Abs decreased 21.5% and 22.6%, respectively at the end of the study period. This indicated that Se and VD treatment has better effects on the circulating thyroid antibodies and that Se potentiates the effects of VD. This would mean that in addition to adding more vitamin D dense foods to the diet of someone with HT, adding more Se foods (example Brazil nuts) concomitantly to the diet would help the effectiveness of the VD and could decrease the effects of HT. 
Clinically, it sheds light on the importance of vitamin D in immune function and therefore autoimmune diseases, but also the importance of drug-drug interactions for different nutrients and how one nutrient can bolster the effects of the other. The study does have limitations, like the fact that Se serum level was not measured at the start, but I think it's an intriguing start to find ways of mitigating HT effects. For example, if your patient is resistant to VD treatment alone, adding Se supplementation could help make the VD treatment more effective. Interestingly, as with iodine, Se has a U-shaped relationship between concentration and disease, too little Se has negative effects, but too much also has negative effects. Combining VD, with Se, Mg, or levothyroxine for HT patients might alleviate disease symptoms better than levothyroxine or VD alone & is something to think about for your patient.  

]]> 2022-02-07 17:52:38 UTC https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2033709417 Richard Adefioye: Influence of Short-Term Dietary and Therapeutic Iodine Restriction on the Therapeutic Effects of Radioactive Iodine Therapy in Patients with Graves’ Disease richardadefioye https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2033727935 I came across this paper and I just found it interesting since radioactive iodine was mentioned in the lecture as one of the means of diagnosing Grave's disease. But beyond this,  radioactive iodine is also used as a treatment for Graves’ disease, as it promotes the destruction of thyroid epithelial cells when the inorganic iodine radioisotope is absorbed. 

But for this study, the authors investigated whether or not the therapeutic effects of  radioactive iodine treatment (RAIT) was affected by dietary or other sources of therapeutic iodine taken by the patients before starting RAIT. 

The key finding of this study was that there was no significant difference whether or not the patients consumed iodine from other sources up to the start of their RAIT regimen. 

I personally think this is important for patients with grave's disease because it's one less thing to worry about regarding their daily nutrition. 

Nishio, R., T. Uchida, L. Suzuki, H. Onose, H. Goto, E. Yamada, H. Satoh, and H. Watada. 2020. Influence of Short-Term Dietary and Therapeutic Iodine Restriction on the Therapeutic Effects of Radioactive Iodine Therapy in Patients with Graves' Disease. Thyroid 31(3):439-445. doi: 10.1089/thy.2020.0126

]]> 2022-02-07 18:00:21 UTC https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2033727935 Mitchell Watts: Influence of Dietary Habits on Oxidative Stress Markers in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis MitchellWatts https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2033944423 This observational study compared the dietary habits of subjects with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) with normal thyroid gland function (euthyroid) compared with healthy controls, and the relationship with redox balance. In the study, patients with euthyroid HT reported significantly higher intake of animal foods (specifically red and processed meat), fats, and refined sugar; while the healthy control group reported higher intake of plant foods (vegetables, fruits, legumes, and nuts). There were no significant differences between the two groups on intake of cereals, whole grains, olive oil, and alcohol. Overall, the diets of HT subjects mimicked a typical western-type diet compared to a Mediterranean diet with the control group. To note, the Mediterranean diet consists of high intake of fiber, antioxidants, and vitamins, which have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Additionally, in HT subjects the activity of glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase and total plasma antioxidant activity were lower, and markers of oxidative stress were higher. Interestingly, the authors also refer to data from the Adventist Health Study-2, where a reduced risk of hyperthyroidism was noted in those consuming a vegan diet when compared with omnivores, while lacto-ovo and pescetarian diets were associated with intermediate protection.
This study is important and clinically relevant, because it suggests that reducing intake of animal proteins and fats and increasing intake of plant foods has a potentially protective effect on thyroid autoimmunity due to its positive influence on redox balance. This lifestyle change could reduce the risk for autoimmune thyroid disorders. As a side note, this type of diet differs from the Autoimmune Protocol diet, which has become popular in recent years. This is a modified paleo diet; it differs from the Mediterranean diet in that it avoids grains, legumes, nightshade vegetables, eggs, dairy, nuts and seeds, and alcohol. However, the research on the AIP diet is limited, it would be very restrictive and potentially hard to follow, and may lead to certain nutrient deficiencies.

Ruggeri, R. M., Giovinazzo, S., Barbalace, M. C., Cristani, M., Alibrandi, A., Vicchio, T. M., Giuffrida, G., Aguennouz, M. H., Malaguti, M., Angeloni, C., Trimarchi, F., Hrelia, S., Campennì, A., & Cannavò, S. (2021). Influence of Dietary Habits on Oxidative Stress Markers in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 31(1), 96–105. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2020.0299 
]]> 2022-02-07 19:34:15 UTC https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2033944423 The importance of nutritional factors and dietary management of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis - Esraa Zamzami ezamzamiez https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2034447639 For this week’s weekly wall, the paper I chose discusses the most important dietary management tips that play a critical role in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Many nutritional factors were thoroughly discussed, all of which significantly affect the disease pathology. However, I wanted to point out the importance of total energy and protein intake that this paper discussed. Many patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis suffer from overweight and obesity due to a reduction in their metabolism; however, many of these patients consume less energy than expected. For this reason, energy needs must be calculated individually, and encouraging patients to increase their physical activity is far more important than energy restricted diets. For protein, low protein intake was related to increases in the severity of thyroid damage, iodine deficiency, and elevated levels of TSH. Also, increasing the consumption of protein will help in weight reduction. The clinical implication of this study is that patients must meet their nutritional needs by consuming healthy, nutritious meals to avoid further complications.



Ihnatowicz, P., Drywień, M., Wątor, P., & Wojsiat, J. (2020). The importance of nutritional factors and dietary management of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM, 27(2), 184–193. https://doi.org/10.26444/aaem/112331

]]> 2022-02-08 02:03:09 UTC https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2034447639 Seonwook Kim: Prevalence of hyperthyroidism according to type of vegetarian diet ski224 https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2034861406 My selected article studied hyperthyroidism and vegetarian diet. As we learned during the module 1, vegetarian diets may be associated with low prevalence of autoimmune disease. And Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder and is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. This study investigated the prevalence of hyperthyroidism in a population of vegetarians.
The key finding of this study is that vegetarians carried lower odds of hyperthyroidism. The result indicates that vegan, lacto-ovo and pesco vegetarian diets were associated with lower risk compared with omnivorous diets. And this study is directly related to nutritional sciences. We know that vegetarian diets have been linked to lower body weight and BMI. Also, vegetarian diets contained high amounts of antioxidants, possible protective factors against autoimmune disease. The conclusion is that vegan and other vegetarian diets were associated with protection against prevalent hyperthyroidism.
This study may help to plan a diet for Graves’ disease patients clinically. Graves’ disease patients should be monitored for their weight and food to prevent malnutrition. And following vegetarian diets may be planned with drug administration for synergetic effects. 

Tonstad S, Nathan E, Oda K, Fraser GE. Prevalence of hyperthyroidism according to type of vegetarian diet. Public Health Nutr. 2015 Jun;18(8):1482-7. doi: 10.1017/S1368980014002183. Epub 2014 Sep 29. PMID: 25263477; PMCID: PMC4377303.

]]> 2022-02-08 07:38:45 UTC https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2034861406 Maternal thyroid function in different conditions of iodine nutrition in pregnant women exposed to mild-moderate iodine deficiency: an observational study jaidag99 https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2035845705 The focused article addresses if iodine supplemental products will benefit pregnant women. It’s important to know this information because if one is considering conception they should be aware of this possibility. Pregnant women are usually iodine deficient without taking some type of supplement due to the fetus. In order to maintain regulated level that has to be done so there isn’t a risk for high risk pregnancy, hypothyroidism, or congenital anomalies of the fetus. A key finding was that there was no significant increase in iodine levels when taking daily supplements in addition to using iodized salt. They found that taking iodine at a high rate in the early stages of pregnancy do more harm than good and can lead to maternal hyperthyrotrophinaemia. This is great information for clinical implications because if one is considering conception physicians can request a moderately to completely deficient woman to consume iodine months before pregnancy. Therefore, it will minimize thyroid deficiencies to an already susceptible immune system while pregnant.



Moleti, Di Bella, B., Giorgianni, G., Mancuso, A., De Vivo, A., Alibrandi, A., Trimarchi, F., & Vermiglio, F. (2011). Maternal thyroid function in different conditions of iodine nutrition in pregnant women exposed to mild-moderate iodine deficiency: an observational study. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford), 74(6), 762–768. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04007.x]]> 2022-02-08 16:01:22 UTC https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2035845705 Effects of levothyroxine treatment on pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease. Sidney Harm sidneyharm https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2036657637 Thyroid autoimmune disorder has been connected to higher rates of pregnancy complications such as placenta abruption, miscarriage, gestational hypertension and diabetes, as well as preeclampsia.1  Hyper and hypothyroidism is common within women of childbearing age which is why this subject is valuable in being studied further. This study looked further into a popular treatment for autoimmune thyroid disorders  and the impact on pregnancies. The therapy that was looked at more specifically in the study was Levothyroxine. The results of the study showed that individuals who had this therapy treatment did have a decreased prevalence of preterm delivery or other negative pregnancy outcomes. Nutritional recommendations for hyper and hypothyroidism is weight maintenance, and supplementation of vitamins D and B12 if the individual has low levels. It is important to note that the tested treatment therapy didn’t have a high prevalence of  negative pregnancy outcomes. In pregnancy nutritional needs for certain vitamins & micronutrients are increased due to needs of the fetus as well, in next studies there should be nutritional or supplemental trials to see the impacts on autoimmune thyroid  disorders in pregnant women. 
 
 
References:
1.     Nazarpour, S., Ramezani Tehrani, F., Simbar, M., Tohidi, M., Alavi Majd, H., & Azizi, F. (2017). Effects of levothyroxine treatment on pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease. European journal of endocrinology, 176(2), 253–265. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-16-0548
 


]]> 2022-02-08 23:00:47 UTC https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2036657637 Iodine status of consumers of milk-alternative drinks v. cows’ milk tccjrr https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2036668301 I chose this study to make everyone aware that when choosing alternative products that they may be missing important nutrients found in the original food.  This study looked at a group of 2845 people in the UK where milk if the primary source of iodine.  When the data was collected (2014-2017), few milk alternatives were fortified with iodine and other essential vitamins and minerals.  The participants that solely drank milk alternatives were significantly more likely to suffer from iodine deficiency compared to those who drank cows milk either exclusively or in combination with milk alternatives.  As we have learned in this section, iodine is essential for thyroid function.  Today, iodine fortification is more common, but it is not necessarily done in all alternative milk products.  When choosing alternate foods, it is important to determine which nutrients may not be in the new source as opposed to the other and to add additional foods or supplements to compensate and prevent deficiencies.

Dineva, Rayman, M. P., & Bath, S. C. (2021). Iodine status of consumers of milk-alternative drinks v. cows’ milk: data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey. British Journal of Nutrition, 126(1), 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114520003876

]]> 2022-02-08 23:11:50 UTC https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2036668301 Breast and soy-formula feedings in early infancy and the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease in children. inimgbamiebi2000 https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2036713076 I chose this study because I felt it was important to be aware if feeding a baby with soy-formula or breast milk form the mother could be one of the causes of autoimmune thyroid disease in children. This is very important to know becaue autoimmune thyroid disease is one of the most prevalent autoimmune diseases in children. This study looked at 59 children with autoimmune thyroid disorder, 76 children who were siblings with those with the disorder and a control group. An important finding of this study was that most of the children who had the thyroid disorder were fed with soy-formula at an early age. This relates to nutritional sciences as this soy-formula does not contain the nutrients needed which is iodine to be able to help in the formation of thyroxine especially in infants. Thyroxine is important for many bodily functions to occur. The clinical implications of this study is physicians should encourage breast feeding mothers to use breast milk they produce or find alternative formulas that do not include soy in them to be able to prevent the high rise of autoimmune thyroid disease in infants.

Fort, P., Moses, N., Fasano, M., Goldberg, T., & Lifshitz, F. (1990). Breast and soy-formula feedings in early infancy and the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease in children. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 9(2), 164–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1990.10720366.]]> 2022-02-08 23:59:29 UTC https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2036713076 The Influence of Reducing Diets on Changes in Thyroid Parameters in Women Suffering from Obesity and Hashimoto's Disease katecmashburn https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2036761962 Ostrowska L, Gier D, Zyśk B. The Influence of Reducing Diets on Changes in Thyroid Parameters in Women Suffering from Obesity and Hashimoto's Disease. Nutrients. 2021 Mar 5;13(3):862. doi: 10.3390/nu13030862. PMID: 33808030; PMCID: PMC8000220.

This study is important because it links issues with the thyroid to obesity. Obesity is a very common issue today and it is interesting to apply it to a topic discussed in class. This study is also important because the subjects were pregnant women who suffer from thyroid disease. The aim was to reduce overall body fat and assess how that influenced their symptoms of thyroid disease. The study was conducting by reducing the daily caloric intake of the women while also using an elimination diet and then comparing the results to a control group that reduced their calories but did not participate in the elimination aspect. The results showed that the women who eliminated processed foods and sugars showed a significant difference compared to the control group. This study was done to show that controlling obesity would limit symptoms of thyroid disease and it was successful. However, it also shows that anyone can benefit from eliminating unhealthy foods from their diets. ]]> 2022-02-09 00:37:44 UTC https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2036761962 More hypothyroidism and less hyperthyroidism with sufficient iodine nutrition compared to mild iodine deficiency—A comparative population-based study of older people https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2036766434 The selected article that I chose for this module addressed the occurrence of thyroid diseases in a geriatric population with long standing recommended iodine intake of natural origin compared to mild iodine deficiency. I found this study to be important and related to this weeks module specifically because this article addressed the nutritional aspects that related to thyroid diseases and how a nutritional factor such as intake of iodine can affect the thyroid. The article addressed that both high and low intake of iodine are associated with occurrence of diseases. Intake of iodine is mainly found in the drinking water and the diet. The key finding to this study would be that a geriatric population who lived in an area with the recommended iodine intake supplied to every resident by a stable, natural source was found that fewer individuals exhibited thyroid dysfunction. I would say that the clinical implications of this study would be that if a patient or individual were to be presenting with thyroid issues, the levels of iodine intake should come into question. If the levels of iodine intake were found to be abnormal, they should be adjusted, hopefully helping the issues with the thyroid.




  Andersen, Stig et al. “More Hypothyroidism and Less Hyperthyroidism with Sufficient Iodine Nutrition Compared to Mild Iodine deficiency—A Comparative Population-Based Study of Older People.” Maturitas 64.2 (2009): 126–131. Web.

]]> 2022-02-09 00:40:52 UTC https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2036766434 Thyroid function and lipid profile in bipolar patients tonyeinimgba99 https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2036775684 Tamunoerenomie Inimgba
The purpose of the article was to determine the  prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with bipolar disorder in comparison with the overall population. Based on previous research done in animal studies, there was considerable data that showed a relation between thyroid hormones and the neurotransmitter systems that play a role in mood disorders. A key finding in the study was that hypothyroidism was frequent in bipolar patients and patients had higher TSH values than controls. There was a significant association with obesity and disturbances in lipid profiles in these patients. Also there was a significant association with patients on lithium and valproic acid treatment. This relates to nutritional sciences because bipolar patients will require specific acre and nutritional diet when taking these specific drugs inorder to control their regulate their thyroid system, lipid profiles and weight. The clinical implications of the study was to identify the possible correlation of thyroid dysfunction in bipolar patients.
Ezzaher, Haj Mouhamed, D., Mechri, A., Neffati, F., Douki, W., Gaha, L., & Najjar, M. F. (2011). Thyroid function and lipid profile in bipolar I patients. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 4(2), 139–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2011.02.002]]> 2022-02-09 00:47:04 UTC https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2036775684 Food Consumption with Hashimoto's Disease lrdu229 https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2036847137 This week, I picked an article that looks at what types of food individuals with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (HT) consume compared to "Healthy" (meaning they have no type of thyroid disease) individuals, or the control group. It also compared the types of food consumed by individuals with HT undergoing LT4 therapy, versus individuals with HT that are not undergoing the treatment. In order to collect this information, they used a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) containing 51 different food items. They found that individuals with HT consumed more nuts, processed meats, and animal fat than the control group. On the other hand the control group consumed more whole grains, red meat, plant oil, and non-alcoholic beverages. While consuming alcoholic beverages wasn't necessarily linked to all individuals with HT, the study did find that patients undergoing LT4 therapy consumed a significant amount more than the individuals not receiving the therapy. A limitation of this study is that it only used qualitative dat, making it difficult to establish a causal relationship.
This study is important, and relates to nutritional sciences, because it attempts to find a difference in food consumption between individuals with HT and individuals without. This was one of the first studies to compare the consumption of foods across such a large cohorts, which could help lead to further research on what dietary intakes are best for them. A clinical implication of this study would be that an FFQ could be beneficial in evaluating a patients diet. While it is not quantitative data, it gives us an idea of what the individuals regular diet might look like, making it easier to determine diet adjustments.

Kaličanin, D., Brčić, L., Ljubetić, K. et al. Differences in food consumption between patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and healthy individuals. Sci Rep 10, 10670 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67719-7]]> 2022-02-09 01:37:18 UTC https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2036847137 Zinc Deficiency Associated with Hypothyroidism: An Overlooked Cause of Severe Alopecia Ellen_Reusch https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2036853134 Ellen Reusch

For this week's wall, I found an article discussing zinc deficiency and its link to hypothyroidism and alopecia. Hypothyroidism often causes hair loss (alopecia), and zinc is one of the elements required for thyroid hormone synthesis, so a deficiency in zinc could lead to a deficiency in thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism). Thyroid hormones are also important for proper absorption of zinc within the human body, so hypothyroidism might also lead to a zinc deficiency, making the relationship between the two very interesting. This particular study set out to see if hypothyroidism supplemented with zinc was beneficial for patients in regards to the severity of their alopecia. The article describes one patient who presented with several complaints (weakness, anorexia, alopecia) who underwent hair testing and thyroid function testing. Her TSH was elevated but T3 and T4 were both below normal limits. The rest of the tests were all normal. The patient started thyroid hormone supplementation, but did not experience any improvement in her symptoms/complaints. Once her zinc level was tested, it was found to be low and she was started on zinc supplements. About a month later, the patient noticed marked improvement in her symptoms. Although this study only reports on one patient, I think it is important to look further into the relationship between zinc supplementation and alopecia in patients with hypothyroidism. This study could lead to further research projects within the endocrinology community and could potentially lead to beneficial outcomes for patients suffering from these conditions. It brings out the importance of not only zinc supplementation, but the need for zinc in our regular everyday diets, which would be one item of conversation for physicians to discuss with their hypothyroidism patients.

Citation: A Betsy, MP Binitha, S Sarita. Zinc Deficiency Associated with Hypothyroidism: An Overlooked Cause of Severe Alopecia. International Journal of Trichology. 2013. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3746228/]]> 2022-02-09 01:41:25 UTC https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2036853134 Efficacy of the Autoimmune Protocol Diet as Part of a Multi-disciplinary, Supported Lifestyle Intervention for Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Cassie_Craig https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2036880796  
This study is important since Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the leading cause of hypothyroidism. It focuses on the implementation of the Autoimmune Protocol (AIP) diet and lifestyle change in order to decrease symptoms of hypothyroidism and improve thyroid function in these patients. The goal of the AIP diet was to decrease inflammation and better regulate the immune system. This study found that there was a decrease in inflammatory markers in the patients white blood cell counts. This relates to nutritional studies because the AIP diet is the reason for this change in the body. There are not many treatments for those with HT, besides thyroid hormone replacements, so this could potentially aid patients who do not want this therapy. This can be beneficial clinically because it could potentially be used in HT treatment, as well as treatments for other autoimmune disorders.
Abbott, R. D., Sadowski, A., & Alt, A. G. (2019). Efficacy of the Autoimmune Protocol Diet as Part of a Multi-disciplinary, Supported Lifestyle Intervention for Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Cureus, 11(4), e4556. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.4556
]]> 2022-02-09 02:01:55 UTC https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2036880796 Joe Devine: Prevalence of hyperthyroidism according to type of vegetarian diet https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2036906685 This paper is based on a longitudinal study of seventh day adventists that looked at types of diet against certain health disorders. The study showed that vegan and vegetarian diets were protective against autoimmune diseases, including hyperthyroidism, however modified vegetarian diets were not protective. Since the group in the study adhered to a strict no smoking and no alcohol protocol due to church beliefs these common aggravators of disease were not reported. Some of the hypothesis as to why these diets may be protective range from lower BMI, but also that lower concentrations of leptin in the blood and insulin control may be contributing factors.






Tonstad, S., Nathan, E., Oda, K., & Fraser, G. E. (2014). Prevalence of hyperthyroidism according to type of vegetarian diet. Public Health Nutrition, 18(8), 1482–1487. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980014002183 ]]> 2022-02-09 02:20:52 UTC https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2036906685 Impact of Drinking Water Fluoride on Human Thyroid Hormones: A Case- Control Study clwi230 https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2036955676 -Clarisa Williams

Kheradpisheh, Z., Mirzaei, M., Mahvi, A. H., Mokhtari, M., Azizi, R., Fallahzadeh, H., & Ehrampoush, M. H. (2018). Impact of drinking water fluoride on human thyroid hormones: a case-control study. Scientific reports, 8(1), 1-7.
 

This week I chose to gather information on drinking water and the impact the consumption has on the thyroid. The researchers aimed to study the impact that drinking water fluoride has on TSH, T3, and T4 hormones. There is fluoridation of many water systems across the world. Studying the connection between amount of fluorinated water consumption and thyroid hormone levels can provide a greater understanding of fluorides impact on risk for thyroid dysfunction. One of the key finding of this study addressed TSH levels and higher consumption of fluoride drinking water. This is related to  nutritional sciences because water is an essential nutrient and in the case of thyroid dysfunction, awareness of water consumption is often recommended.  Greater consumption of the drinking water that contained fluoride, even lower in concentration of fluoride, was seen with higher TSH values.  These results were found in individuals without thyroid disease along with individuals with hypothyroidism that was untreated. Making a recommendation for individuals with a greater risk or health history of hypothyroidism to add a purification process to the drinking water could reduce the increase of TSH with lower consumption of fluoride. 

]]> 2022-02-09 02:55:00 UTC https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2036955676 Skin Findings in Thyroid Diseases https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2037010104 Dierra Doaks

I found a paper that discusses the skin findings in patients with thyroid diseases. The paper talks about how the skin shows the best range of clinical signs of thyroid disease. The researchers started a study to detect the skin findings associated with the diseases. The study involved 220 patients with various thyroid diseases including autoimmune hyperthyroidism, non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism, autoimmune hypothyroidism, non-autoimmune hypothyroidism, autoimmune euthyroidism, and non-autoimmune euthyroidism. The study also involved 90 healthy individuals as a control group. The most frequent skin findings in the patients were chronic urticaria, vitiligo, diffuse alopecia, acne vulgaris, and acne rosacea. Chronic urticaria, vitiligo, and pruritus were significantly higher in the patient group with thyroid diseases compared to the control group. This paper is important because it notes that there is no other report investigating the skin findings among thyroid diseases. This information in the paper could provide valuable data for future research. 


ArtantaA, SoLen et al. “Skin Findings in Thyroid Diseases.” European journal of internal medicine 20.2 (2008): 158–161. Web.

 

]]> 2022-02-09 03:35:24 UTC https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2037010104 Thyroid Dysfunction in Relation to Immune Profile, Disease Status, and Outcome in 191 Patients with COVID-19 emaleehaynes https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2037041808 Emalee Haynes
https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa813
 
This article focused on the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and worsening of thyroid disease in the presence of COVID-19. This study is important because it highlights some long-term effects of coronavirus which are not well known due to the newness of this infection. The result of this study found that, “there may be a direct effect of SARS-CoV-2 on thyroid function, potentially leading to exacerbation of pre-existing autoimmune thyroid disease.” Patients having any kind of thyroid dysfunction will impact their nutritional choices and results. COVID-19 is prevalent, and we are constantly learning new things about it, which is why knowing the potential effects on the thyroid following infection is important. The clinical implications of this study besides general awareness could be obtaining blood work following infection to determine if any changes have occurred within the body in general and related to thyroid functioning. Knowing this risk factor is important when treating patients in any capacity because it can offer suggestions for counseling or treatment choices. 
 
Source: Lui DTW, Lee CH, Chow WS, Lee ACH, Tam AR, Fong CHY, Law CY, Leung EKH, To KKW, Tan KCB, Woo YC, Lam CW, Hung IFN, Lam KSL. Thyroid Dysfunction in Relation to Immune Profile, Disease Status, and Outcome in 191 Patients with COVID-19. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 

]]> 2022-02-09 04:01:14 UTC https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2037041808 Andrea Ballinger: Effect of Pregnancy on Graves' Disease Rebound after successful remission https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2037052721 One point during this week's module that I found both particularly horrifying and simultaneously fascinating, was the fact that pregnancy is a risk factor for developing Graves' Disease. To supplement my curiosity, I found an article that aimed to show the impact of pregnancy and the postpartum period in facilitating a relapse of hyperthyroidism in patients that were in remission after a course of antithyroid drugs. The study found that of patients that completed their course of ATD and entered remission, a significant rate of relapse was observed in patients that soon after underwent a pregnancy. Additionally, greater than 95% of the relapse cases were observed during the postpartum period (4-8 months/24 months), and not during the first trimester of gestation. Based on these results, the authors recommend patients check their thyroid functions 3-6 months after delivery.

The study did not control for diet at any point of gestation nor during the postpartum time frame. Because such a large percentage of women relapsed during the postpartum period, it would be extremely useful to complete an additional study in which pregnant women in GD remission follow a specific diet, or follow a strict supplement regiment to see what impact this has on continued remission vs relapse rates.


Mario Rotondi, Carlo Cappelli, Barbara Pirali, Ilenia Pirola, Flavia Magri, Rodolfo Fonte, Maurizio Castellano, Enrico Agabiti Rosei, Luca Chiovato, The Effect of Pregnancy on Subsequent Relapse from Graves’ Disease after a Successful Course of Antithyroid Drug Therapy, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 93, Issue 10, 1 October 2008, Pages 3985–3988, https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-0966]]> 2022-02-09 04:10:26 UTC https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2037052721 Amy Floreen: Graves Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization afloreen https://padlet.com/sarapolice/cjxurn9grent8wr9/wish/2465224763 1) Why is this study important: After reviewing this weeks module material I was interested in the association between autoimmune thyroid diseases and autoimmune gastrointestinal diseases. This study was important because it assessed the relationship between Graves disease (GD) and Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), considering causal factor potentials. It specifically considered Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in the context of Graves disease.  
2) Identify one key finding of this study and describe how it relates to nutritional sciences. Genetically predicted IBD may increase the risk of GD by 24% . Crohn disease (CD) may increase the risk of GD, whereas ulcerative colitis (UC) may prevent patients from developing GD. Conversely, genetically predicted GD may slightly increase the risk of CD. This correlation may suggest that nutritional interventions for clients experiencing GD and/or CD may benefit from dietary modifications utilized for both disease processes. For example, clientele with GD may benefit from nutrient dense options as tolerated to manage risk of weight loss, Vit D and Calcium supplementation to mitigate bone loss risk, and elimination diets to assess tolerance risks for proinflammatory foods and common irritant foods.  
3) What are the clinical implications of this study? More research is needed to identify underlying mechanisms and common autoimmune pathways that may be targeted for future treatment recommendations. 

Xian W, Wu D, Liu B, et al. Graves Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. Published online December 2, 2022. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac683

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