My supercalifragilisticexpialidocious Language arts paper sources by JENNA M ELAM https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw en-us 2019-04-08 12:35:23 UTC 2019-05-02 01:42:16 UTC hello@padlet.com FELL, SARAH C., et al. “The Multitrophic Effects of Climate Change and Glacier Retreat in Mountain Rivers.” BioScience, vol. 67, no. 10, Oct. 2017, pp. 897–911. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1093/biosci/bix107. Web. 13 April 2019 jelam001 https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/351406788 2019-04-13 20:46:28 UTC https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/351406788 1B jelam001 https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/351407450 "Warming will be most pervasive in high-altitude (alpine) and -latitude (Arctic) regions and will be coupled with changing precipitation patterns (Gobiet et al. 2014). Significant climatic changes are already occurring within these environments, reducing the distribution, thickness, and permanency of ice sheets and driving the thinning and retreat of many mountain glaciers (Zemp et al. 2015)."~SARAH C. FELL, JONATHAN L. CARRIVICK, AND LEE E. BROWN
Under: The Multitrophic Effects of Climate Change and Glacier Retreat in Mountain Rivers

]]> 2019-04-13 20:56:47 UTC https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/351407450 2B jelam001 https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/351407587 "Multiple trophic roles are also spanned by macroinvertebrates, with herbivores (grazers and scrapers) feeding on biofilm species, detritivorous shredders, collectors, and filter feeders consuming dead organic matter and predators selecting adult and larval invertebrates (Woodward 2009). Fish, primarily salmonids, are often the top predator
of glacier-fed river systems, and although diet is species, life stage, and region specific, components include smaller fish, macroinvertebrates, and freshwater zooplankton (Sinnatamby et al. 2012). Some fish species also feed on the eggs of amphibians, which can be insectivorous or predatory (Arntzen et al. 2009, Kuzmin et al. 2009). Where present, semiaquatic mammals such as desman species (Talpidae) predate many trophic levels with diets spanning macrophytes, insects, fish, and amphibians (Biffi et al. 2016). "~ SARAH C. FELL, JONATHAN L. CARRIVICK, AND LEE E. BROWN
Under Biotic responses to glacier retreat]]> 2019-04-13 20:59:20 UTC https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/351407587 3B jelam001 https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/351407749 "Although few semiaquatic mammals inhabit alpine rivers, isolated species of Talpidae (desman) and Soricinae (water shrew) are found in localized populations (figure 4; Queiroz et al. 1996, Hutterer et al. 2016). The Iberian desman (Galemys pyrenaicus) shelter within the riparian vegetation and rocky banks of glacier-fed rivers, across the Pyrenean Region (Biffi et al. 2016). This species is indicative of low mean water temperatures and preferentially feeds within rapid, highly oxygenated riffles (Biffi et al. 2016). Their range is dictated by the presence of prey (Trichoptera, Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera) and the absence of predators, including American mink (Neovison vison; Biffi et al. 2016). The semiaquatic Eurasian water shrew (Neomys fodiens) mirrors the dependency of the Iberian desman for cold running waters, hunting insects, crustaceans, frogs, and fish below 2500 meters’ altitude (Hutterer et al. 2016). In contrast, the larger Russian desman (Desmana moschata) inhabits slow-flowing rivers and lakes of forested alpine floodplains (Ponomarev et al. 2015). Distributed across Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan, this species feeds omnivorously on macroinvertebrates, amphibians, fish, and plant detritus (Queiroz et al. 1996, Ponomarev et al. 2015). Both desman species are IUCN Red List vulnerable species, and reducing glacier influence may particularly threaten the Iberian desman (G. pyrenaicus), which is more heavily dependent on diminishing ice-melt reaches (Biffi et al. 2016)."~SARAH C. FELL, JONATHAN L. CARRIVICK, AND LEE E. BROWN
Under Mammals]]> 2019-04-13 21:02:41 UTC https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/351407749 Hoffmann, Ralf, et al. “Spatial Variability of Biogeochemistry in Shallow Coastal Benthic Communities of Potter Cove (Antarctica) and the Impact of a Melting Glacier.” PLoS ONE, vol. 13, no. 12, Dec. 2018, pp. 1–22. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207917. Web 13. April 2019 jelam001 https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/351408006 2019-04-13 21:06:45 UTC https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/351408006 1C jelam001 https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/351408080 "Continental shelves comprise only 8% of the global marine realm but are an important component of the marine carbon cycle [[ 1], [ 2]]. Approximately 50% of global benthic mineralization takes place on continental shelves [[ 3]]. In shelf areas, benthic mineralization is mainly mediated by the benthic macrofauna community and therefore depends on their biomass, density, structure and functional traits [[ 4], [ 5]], which in turn are influenced by food supply from primary producers and abiotic factors like sediment structure and water temperature [[ 6]–[ 8]]."~ Ralf Hoffmann
Under Introduction]]> 2019-04-13 21:08:17 UTC https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/351408080 2C jelam001 https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/351408205 "In addition, melting glaciers and melting permafrost soils release mainly inorganic particles into marine waters [[25]], directly or via meltwater streams, and therefore increase the turbidity of the water column [[26]]. Resuspension events due to ice scour also increase water column turbidity [[10], [23]]. As a consequence, less light is available for primary producers, which may result in limited primary production, decreased food supply, and ultimately in lower benthic mineralization. Furthermore, particle sedimentation is an important stressor for filter feeders [[27]] such as common Antarctic ascidians [[28]] or bivalves [[29]], which can lead to shifts in the benthic community structure [[28], [29]]. However, when tidewater glaciers calve and retreat, they open up new ground. Colonization of these newly glacial ice-free areas can increase the local organic carbon supply by primary producers [[30]] and the local biomass of heterotrophic consumers [[31], [32]]"~ Ralf Hoffman
Under 3rd paragraph of Introduction]]> 2019-04-13 21:10:30 UTC https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/351408205 Scheer, Roddy, and Doug Moss. “Why Is the Arctic Such a Crucial Area to Focus on in Efforts to Stem Global Warming?” Lesbian News, vol. 41, no. 8, Mar. 2016, p. 19. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,custuid&custid=ohiolink&db=aph&AN=113542604&site=ehost-live&scope=site. jelam001 https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/355225416 2019-04-29 22:14:30 UTC https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/355225416 "The image of a polar bear standing on a shrinking iceberg has become one of the most iconic symbols of global warming, yet few of us realize just how important the Arctic’s ice is, wherever we may live on the earth. Researchers consider the Arctic to be an “indicator region” for the rest of the planet, given that even small differences in temperature there can have profound ecosystem impacts and can give us a better idea of the types of problems we can all expect down the road. Of course, the effects of global warming have been under scrutiny in the Arctic for decades already. Since 1979, the extent of the Arctic’s permanent ice cap has shrunk by upwards of 20 percent. Even worse, the remaining ice has thinned by as much as twothirds in some parts of the Arctic. Recent models suggest this ice loss will only accelerate in the next several years due to a global warming feedback loop called the “albedo effect,” whereby less ice means less reflection of the sun’s radiation back into space and thus more warming at the Earth’s surface. And not only is the ice shrinking—parts of the ice cap are also rupturing: The Ward Hunt Ice Shelf, the largest block of ice in the Arctic and intact for some 3,000 years, finally cracked in 2000, and within two years split all the way through. These changes up north are already starting to have ripple effects elsewhere. For starters, the entire Arctic ecosystem is being forced to shift with the changing climate. Animals like polar bears, whales and seals are changing migration patterns, in turn impacting native people who depend on them for sustenance. Meanwhile, other organisms are overpopulating, given all the new habitat opening up. Rising temperatures have allowed the spruce bark beetle to add an extra reproduction cycle each year. As a result the pesky little beetles decimated 3.4 million acres of Alaska’s forests over just 10 years" jelam001 https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/355225633 Under The first and second columns ]]> 2019-04-29 22:15:54 UTC https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/355225633 Melting Glaciers Flood Pastures.” Science Teacher, vol. 81, no. 3, Mar. 2014, pp. 20–21. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,custuid&custid=infohio&db=aph&AN=94603764&site=ehost-live&scope=site.Web 29 April 2019 jelam001 https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/355233649 2019-04-29 23:10:47 UTC https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/355233649 "The Earth is warming, and glaciers are shrinking. But not all meltwater causes sea-level rise. In Tibet, as measurements taken by an international team of researchers reveal, much of the meltwater remains on land. The consequences aren’t good, however: Lakes without an outlet can overflow, flooding valuable pastureland. Glaciers are important indicators of climate change. Global warming causes mountain glaciers to melt, which, apart from the shrinking of the Greenlandic and Antarctic ice sheets, is regarded as one of the main causes of the present global sea-level rise. Tibet’s glaciers are also losing mass clearly, as scientists from the universities of Zurich, Tubingen, and Dresden reveal using satellitebased laser measurements. Over the last decade, the research team has detected a “clear loss in mass of around 16 gigatons a year in around 80% of the Tibetan glaciers,” says Tobias Bolch, a glaciologist from the University of Zurich— that’s more than four times the volume of water in Lake Zurich and around 6% of the total loss in mass of all the glaciers on Earth. At first, the evidence that not all of the meltwater flows into the ocean where it may cause sea levels to rise may seem positive. “However, flooding is still a problem,” says Bolch. After all, a large proportion of the melt—around two gigatons a year—flows into lakes without outlets, causing them to burst their banks. “In many regions, this means that valuable pasture areas become submerged.” Stretching over some 40,000 square kilometers, the Tibetan Plateau’s glaciers account for over a third of High Asia’s ice cover and are about 20 times the size of the ice surface of the Alps. For their study, the international researchers evaluated satellite-based laser measurements of the glacier surfaces on the Tibetan Plateau between 2003 and 2009. (University of Zurich) http://bit.ly/LkfVqi" jelam001 https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/355233992 Under Melting Glaciers Flood Pastures]]> 2019-04-29 23:13:24 UTC https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/355233992 Stempniewicz, L., Goc, M., Kidawa, D. et al. Climatic Change (2017) 140: 533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1853-4 Web 29 April 2019 jelam001 https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/355234752 2019-04-29 23:18:51 UTC https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/355234752 "these are rapidly diminishing the area of sea: ice contact zone (Marginal Ice Zone [MIZ] in case of sea ice), an important part of the Arctic marine ecosystem. Any reduction in this zone will have detrimental consequences for ice-associated algae, invertebrates, fish and the foraging grounds of pagophilic seabirds and marine mammals (Moore and Huntington 2008; AMAP 2012; Sydeman et al. 2012; Post et al. 2013; Barber et al. 2015). A strong relationship was found between glacial recession and the decline of the Kittlitz’s murrelet Brachyramphus brevirostris population in Prince William Sound, Alaska (Kuletz et al. 2003). On the other hand, rapid glacier melting may give rise to new habitats that can be used both as breeding and feeding grounds (Grémillet et al. 2015).Current information on population sizes of seabirds and marine mammals is insufficient for most Arctic areas (Krafft et al. 2006; Lydersen et al. 2014; Descamps et al. 2016). Studies of the locations and sizes of breeding colonies are given priority over the distribution and quantitative exploitation of feeding grounds. Surprisingly, more attention has so far been given to open sea areas (Hunt 1990; Joiris 2011; Gall et al. 2016); yet assessments of the potential impact of a rapidly changing environment relates primarily to fjord areas and especially glacier bays, a subject that has been attracting increased attention (Apollonio 1973; Węsławski and Legeżyńska 1998; Stempniewicz et al. 2007; Węsławski et al. 2009; Arimitsu et al. 2012; Lydersen et al. 2014). Although surveys in remote regions can be logistically challenging, baseline information on the distribution and abundance of Arctic marine birds and mammals is essential to identify population changes, estimate and model their importance in ecosystem food webs, and implementing appropriate conservation and management strategies (Diemer et al. 2011; Laidre et al. 2015)." jelam001 https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/355234968 Under 1.) Introduction]]> 2019-04-29 23:20:04 UTC https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/355234968 Compounding effects of sea level rise and fluvial flooding Hamed R. Moftakharia, Gianfausto Salvadorib, Amir AghaKouchaka, Brett F. Sandersa,, and Richard A. Matthewd. Edited by Anny Cazenave, Centre National dʼEtudes Spatiales, Toulouse, France, and approved July 24, 2017 (received for review December 19, 2016) jelam001 https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/356009623 2019-05-01 23:47:25 UTC https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/356009623 "Sea level rise (SLR), a well-documented and urgent aspect of anthropogenic global warming, threatens population and assets located in low-lying coastal regions all around the world. Common flood hazard assessment practices typically account for one driver at a time (e.g., either fluvial flooding only or ocean flooding only), whereas coastal cities vulnerable to SLR are at risk for flooding from multiple drivers (e.g., extreme coastal high tide, storm surge, and river flow). Here, we propose a bivariate flood hazard assessment approach that accounts for compound flooding from river flow and coastal water level, and we show that a univariate approach may not appropriately characterize the flood hazard if there are compounding effects. Using copulas and bivariate dependence analysis, we also quantify the increases in failure probabilities for 2030 and 2050 caused by SLR under representative concentration pathways 4.5 and 8.5. Additionally, the increase in failure probability is shown to be strongly affected by compounding effects.The proposed failure probability method offers an innovative tool for assessing compounding flood hazards in a warming climate." jelam001 https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/356009818 Found as the first paragraph]]> 2019-05-01 23:48:28 UTC https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/356009818 "Population and assets in coastal regions are threatened by both oceanic and fluvial flooding hazards. Common flood hazard assessment practices typically focus on one flood driver at a time and ignore potential compounding impacts. Here we outline a unique bivariate flood hazard assessment framework that accounts for the interactions between a primary oceanic flooding hazard, coastal water level, and fluvial flooding hazards. Using the notion of “failure probability,” we also assess coastal flood hazard under different future sea level rise scenarios. The results show that, in a warming climate, future sea level rise not only increases the failure probability, but also exacerbates the compounding effects of flood drivers." jelam001 https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/356020379 Found under Significance ]]> 2019-05-02 00:45:15 UTC https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/356020379 Breggin, Linda K. “Reports: Cities Need to Plan Now for Flooding From Sea-Level Rise.” Environmental Forum, vol. 35, no. 1, Jan. 2018, p. 11. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pwh&AN=127021704&site=pov-live jelam001 https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/356031244 2019-05-02 01:40:18 UTC https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/356031244 "Under the “moderate” sea-level rise scenario, UCS predicts that by 2035, about 170 communities will experience chronic inundation — double the number today. Most of these are in Louisiana and Maryland, where land subsidence is increasing the rate of rise. Within 45 years, more than 270 coastal communities could be chronically inundated, including many that to date rarely, if ever, are subject to flooding. By the close of the century, close to 490 communities — and 40 percent of all East and Gulf Coast oceanfront communities — are predicted to be chronically inundated. " jelam001 https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/356031539 Found under Reports: Cities Need to Plan Now for Flooding From Sea-Level Rise

]]> 2019-05-02 01:41:52 UTC https://padlet.com/jelam001/cies1hciutxw/wish/356031539