/v/- put you hand at your throat to feel for vibration. There’s vibration at the throat.

/v/ same mouth as /f/. use voice (hand on throat = feel vibration).

pair words and feel the vibration: fish-van, fine-vine

/e/ (seat) smile wider, hold the sound a bit longer.

length + smile: sit-seat, ship-sheep

/v/ voiced

/e/ pen mouth a little smaller.

hand under chin: pan...more drop, pen...less drop

/e/- opening into a wider smile

/e/ long and smile wide

/e/ mouth open slightly

/v/ - there is vibration

/j/ voiced

/e/ longer sound

/f/ upper teeth touch lower lips

/o/ box mouth open round

/v/ - You can feel the vibrations if you touch your throat (Voiced)

Box mouth big circle

/e/ - long vowel sound (you can hear the letter e!), your mouth becomes a smile!

/v/ vibration at the throat

/e/ longer sound - lips less wide

/f/ — no buzz — voiceless

/v/ — yes buzz — voiced

/e/ mouth opens smaller

2) Get students to notice the mouth position, where the top teeth will be on the bottom lip for /f/.

/j/ vibration

/a/ (pan) — jaw dropped more, lips relaxed

/e/ (pen) — less jaw drop, lips a bit more spread (slightly curled like a small smile)

bad - open mouth wider

/i/ - quicker, shorter sound

/e/ - longer sound

/ch/ no vibration

/a/ - jaw drops more

/e/ - jaw does not drop as much, more similar to a smile

/ea/ - longer sound, mouth open wider (smiling)

/v/ - you'll feel some vibration when you make this sound.

/i/ - make your smile smaller

/e/ - now make your mouth smaller as if you are about to eat a piece of candy.

/j/ - there is some vibration at your throat

/f/ - put your upper teeth on your bottom lip as if you are going to bite it

/o/ - make the shape more like an oval

/e/ pen - jaw drops less, mouth a bit smaller

/j/ (badge) - vibration at the throat

/f/ (reef) - upper teeth bite the lower lip

/o/ (box) - lips rounded like the letter O, mouth bigger

/f/ in reef has the upper teeth on the lower lips and a slight airflow coming out.

/o/ in box is like saying /or/ where the sound comes from the back of the throat

For /o/ in box, mouth is still round, but slightly ajar.

For /th/ (teeth), our tongue is between the upper and lower teeth.

For /f/ (reef), the upper teeth and lower come together.

/v/ - vibration + voice

/ch/ - no vibration

and /v/ - both lip closed but no letting of air

/e/- lips stretched, drag sound

/e/- lower lip with tongue lowered but short soumd

/j/- teeth clenched and swallow the sound

/f/ - teeth on lower lip and let out air

/o/(box) - lips shpaed like letter 'o' but drop lower jaw

• Say /f/ → no vibration

• Say /v/ → you should feel vibration

• /ɪ/ (sit): tongue is lower and more relaxed

• /iː/ (seat): tongue is higher and tenser, closer to the roof of the mouth

• /æ/ (pan): tongue is low and forward

• /e/ (pen): tongue is mid and forward (a bit higher than /æ/)

• /tʃ/ (batch): voiceless
  Your vocal cords do not vibrate

• /dʒ/ (badge): voiced
  Your vocal cords do vibrate

• Say th in teeth → air comes over the tongue

• Say f in reef → air comes between teeth and lip

• /oʊ/ (toe): tongue moves — it starts mid-back and glides upward

• /ɒ/ /ɑ/ (box): tongue stays low and back (no movement)

/e/ : longer sound

Give students example and model.

/ch/ no vibration

touch lip → /f/. Teeth on bottom lip when saying reef

Say cod, short, quick vowe

- short vowel sound

- mouth relaxed

/ē/ (seat)

- e says its own name

- mouth/lips wider

Pen - short e sound

/th/ tongue between teeth

/f/ tongue behind teeth that are biting down

Box- short o sound, open up lips to form bigger o

/v/- voiced

seat- long vowel

pen- mouth half-open

badge- voiced

• Tongue between the teeth

• Air flows out gently

• No lip contact

• No voice (unvoiced)

👉 Lightly bite your tongue and blow air

How to articulate reef

• Lower lip touches upper teeth

• Air flows through lip–teeth gap

• Tongue stays inside the mouth

• No voice (unvoiced)

👉 Bite your lip gently and blow air