Numerous studies have been conducted in order to identify other causes that influence public attitudes towards science and the works. In consideration, one of the most important factor is the portayal of scientist by the social media, with them being depicted as being socially isolated or outright insane. According to the same research, lesson quality at school can be held accountable as another cause. When students receive enthusiasm about their work in science, this impact their likelyhood to have science as a major in college and university. In practice, only a few are willing to put effort into their teachings and thus, not only does this widens the skill gap but also causes the determination of the youth to plummet.      

Many (quite a lot of) studies have been conducted that try to identify other factors that influence attitudes to scientists and their work (e.g. Campbell, 1998, Adams,2003). There are a number of factors for this practice (What are some of these factors). To begin with (well) , one important factor is the representation of scientists (how scientists are represented) in the media. They are often shown as being socially isolated and even insane (mad!). Another factor is the quality of science teaching in school. If a science teacher is interesting and enthusiastic, this person (he) can have a profound (big) impact on whether a student goes on to study science at college or university. Unfortunately, in my experience, few (not many) science teachers are inspirational, athough other people (the reader) may have had a different experience. 

Many studies have been conducted that try to identify other factors that influence attitudes to scientists and their work. These are some of the factors. First and foremost is the way scientists are represented in the media. They are often shown as being socially isolated or even mad. Another one is the quality of science teaching in school. If a science teacher is interesting and enthusiastic, this person can have a vital impact on whether a student goes on to study science at college or university. Unfortunately, in my experience, only few science teachers are inspirational, although other people may have had a different experience

Several studies conducted have tried to identify other factors that influence attitudes to scientists and their work (e.g Campbell, 1988; Adams, 2003). Without a doubt, one significant factor is the representation of scientists in the media. They are often shown as being socially isolated or even psychotic. Another factor is the quality of science teaching in school. If a science teacher is interesting and enthusiastic, this one can have a major impact on whether a student goes on to study science at college or university. Unfortunately, in my experience, only a small number of science teachers are inspirational, although others may have had a different experience. 

 
 A number of studies have been conducted that try to identify other factors that influence attitudes to scientists and their work (e.g Cambell 1998 Adams 2003). One important factor is the representation of scientists in the media. They are often shown as being socially isolated or even mad. Another factor is the quality of science teaching in school. If a science teacher is interesting and enthusiastic, one can have a huge impact on whether student goes on to study science at college or university. Unfortunately, in my experience, only a few science teachers are inspirational, although the others may have had a different experience.
 

    2. 

    3.

    4. 

    5. 

-Historians disagreed on the population of Native America before European colonization. While some of them gave an estimated amount of 30 million, others highly estimated at 60 million.

-Historians disagreed on the population of Native America before European colonization. Some of them gave an estimated amount of 30 million, whereas others estimated high at 60 million.

-Historians disagreed on the population of Native America before European colonization. Some of them gave an estimated amount of 30 million; others highly estimated at 60 million.

2.                                                                           

-Although  the market value of Sony has been only $21 billion, that of Samsung has reached $162 billion.

-The market value of Sony has been only $21 billion, but that of Samsung has reached $162 billion.

-The market value of Sony has been only $21 billion.  However,  that of Samsung has reached $162 billion.

3.

-Both the word “snake” and “sneak” come from the proto-Indo-European word “snag”,meaning “to crawl, or creep”.

-The word “snake” comes from the proto-Indo-European word “snag” meaning “to crawl, or creep”,and so does the word “sneak”.

4.

-Despite being considered the best in the world for its intense flavor, full body, and mild aroma, Kenya coffee is mostly produced on small-scale farms instead of large companies.

-Kenya coffee is considered the best in the world for its intense flavor, full body, and mild aroma, but about 70% of them is produced on small-scale farms instead of large companies.

5.

-According to statistics in 2010, there was a rapid increase in the number of online newspaper readers, with about 1.9 billion readers worldwide 
-The statistics in 2010 showed a rapid increase in the number of online newspaper readers, and there were exactly 1.9 billion readers worldwide.

 

 

 

- Regarding the number of Native Americans living in North America before European colonization, historians have disagreed. Some historians estimated the number at 30 million, while others greatly estimated it at 60 million.

- Historians have different opinions on the number of Native Americans who lived in North America before European invasion. The figure was estimated by some historians to be 30 million, while others substantially increased their estimate to 60 million.

2.
- The market value of Sony has been only $21 billion, whereas that of Samsung has already reached $162 billion.

- Sony's market worth is currently at $21 billion, whereas Samsung's has already surpassed $162 billion.

- While Samsung's market value has surpassed $162 billion, Sony's is barely $21 billion.

3.
- Both the word "sneak" and the word "snake" derive from the proto-Indo-European verb "snag," which means "to crawl, or creep."

- The proto-Indo-Europeanterm "snag," which meaning "to crawl, or creep," is the source of the words "snake" and "sneak."

- The terms "snake" and "sneak" both come from the proto-Indo-European word "snag," which means "to crawl, or creep."

4.
- Kenyan coffee, regarded as the greatest in the world for its robust flavor, substantial body, and gentle scent, is often produced on small farms rather than by big businesses.

- Kenyan coffee is often produced on small-scale farms rather than by big corporations, while being renowned for its robust flavor, rich body, and gentle aroma.

- The majority of Kenyan coffee is produced on small farms rather than by big corporations, despite the fact that it is regarded as the greatest in the world for its robust flavor, substantial body, and gentle aroma.

5.
- According to figures from 2010, there were precisely 1.9 billion users of online newspapers globally, indicating a sharp rise in the number of readers.

- There were precisely 1.9 billion online newspaper readers globally in 2010, according to figures that showed a sharp rise in this category.

- Online newspaper readers increased quickly in 2010, according to statistics, with 1.9 billion readers globally.

→ According to the results, there is a link……

→ The results suggest that …..
2. suggests 

→ It is suggested from table 9 that Venezuelan scientists need help with writing English. 

→ Based on table 9, Venezuelan scientists seem to need help with writing English. 
3. question 

→  Much previous research is likely to be undermined by the latest series of experiments. 

→  It is rather clear that the latest series of experiments undermine much previous research. 
4. support

→ The results given in figure 4 seem to be in favor of the hypothesis.

→ It is rather clear that the results in figure 4 support the hypothesis. 
5. assumed

→ About 98% of the quantities displayed in the table have been assumed to be accurate.

→ Much of the quantities displayed ……..
6. suggests 

→ A basis for product modification is suggested by the test results 
7. influenced 
8. failed
9. encouraged

→ According to table 3, the new tax has encouraged industrial investment

→ Based on table 3, the new tax has supported industrial investment
10. depicts

Practice 4: 

           → Physical attraction appears to be important for marital happiness

→ It would appear that economic sanctions is ineffective

→ Alcohol is thought to cause people to become violent

→ Passive smoke is one of the major causes to cancer

→ The waste disposal problem is believed to be solved by recycling 

→ Physical exercises is thought to be effective in lessening the ….

→ In some cases, great novels can not make great films.

Private schools is believed to provide better education than ….

2 The transition from prison life to ordinary life is usually a difficult one.

3 January is normally the wettest month in the UK.

4 Smaller shops suffer a decline in trade to some extent when a supermarket opens nearby.

5 Third-year undergraduate courses , often cover less ground, but in greater depth than in the first two years.

6 Although it works quite faster than other treatments, the new drug is expensive to produce.

Task 2
1. The practice of short selling contributed to the collapse of Lehman Brothers.
2.Drought appears to be the major problem in some parts of sub-Saharan Africa.
3.Male gorillas tend to be more aggressive than female gorillas, according to research.
4.Smaller electronic companies seem to be doing better than their larger rivals.
5.A 2005 study suggested that the accuracy of Wikipedia was similar to that of the Encyclopaedia Britannica.

1. Mature students normally manage their deadlines better than young students.

    Mature students tend to manage their deadlines better than young students.

2. The transition from prison life to ordinary life is a difficult one to some extent.

     The transition from prison life to ordinary life seems to be a difficult one

3. Apparently, January is the wettest month in the UK.

    It is rather clear that January is the wettest month in the UK.

4. Smaller shops reportedly suffer a decline in trade when a supermarket opens nearby.

    It is highly likely that smaller shops suffer a decline in trade when a supermarket opens nearby.

5. Third-year ungraduate courses usually cover less ground, but in greater depth than in the first two years.

    Third-year ungraduate courses appear to cover less ground, but in greater depth than in the first two years.

6. Although it works faster than other treatments in some cases, the new drug is expensive to produce.

    Although it might work faster than other treatments, the new drug is expensive to produce.

Task 2

1. The practice of short selling contributed to the collapse of Lehman Brothers.

    There is a good possibility that that the practice of short selling brought about the collapse of Lehman Brothers.

2. Drought appears to be the major problem in some part of sub-Saharan Africa.

    It is likey that drought is the major problem in some part of sub-Saharan Africa.

3. Male gorillas tend to be more aggressive than female gorillas, according to the research.

    Male gorillas are more aggressive than female gorillas to some extent, according to the research

4. Smaller electronic companies seem to do better than their larger rivals.

    Smaller electronic companies tend to do better than their larger rivals.

5. A 2005 study suggested that the accuracy of Wikipedia was similar to that of Encyclopaedia Britannica.

    A 2005 study said that the accuracy of Wikipedia might be similar to that of Encyclopaedia Britannica.

- Mature students manage their deadlines better than younger students to some extent.
2. - The transition from prison life to ordinary life is a difficult one to some extent

- The transition from prison life to ordinary life is a relatively difficult one.

3. January is supposedly/ reportedly the wettest month in the UK
4. Smaller shops suffer a decline in trade reportedly when a supermarket opens nearby.
5. - Third-year undergraduate courses normally cover less ground, but in greater depth than in the first two years.
- Third-year undergraduate courses cover less ground, but in reasonably greater depth than in the first two years.

6. - Although it works faster than other treatments, the new drug is expensive to produce in some cases/ to some extent.

- Although it works relatively/ reasonably faster than other treatments, the new drug is expensive to produce.

TASK 2
1. The practice of short selling contributed to the collapse of Lehman Brothers. 

- It is likely that the practice of short selling contributed to the collapse of Lehman Brothers.
2. Drought appears to be the major problem in some parts of sub-Saharan Africa.

- It would appear that drought is the major problem in some parts of sub-Saharan.
3. Male gorillas tend to be more aggressive than female gorillas, according to research.

- It is rather clear that male gorillas are more aggressive than female gorillas, according to research.
4. Smaller electronic companies seem to be doing better than their larger rivals.

- It is highly likely that smaller electronic companies are doing better than their larger rivals.

- Smaller electronic companies may be doing better than their larger rivals.
5. A 2005 study suggested that the accuracy of Wikipedia was similar to that of the Encyclopedia Britannica. 

- According to a 2005 study, the accuracy of Wikipedia might be similar to that of the Encyclopedia Britannica. 

 

On the one hand, there is no denying the fact that homework is an unnecessary burden on children. In the first place, there is no evidence to support that homework makes significant academic progress. Take Finland, a country where school children are not given practice at home as an example. Finnish students regularly top international educational league tables and exceed nations where setting homework is compulsory. Secondly, it is recognized that in comparison with study time, play time has a key role in the maturity of children. With too much homework, a child does not have enough time to participate in outdoor activities, which can impact their learning and social development. To be more specific, lower levels of play are associated with not only lower academic achievement levels but also less character development and lower physical conditions.

On the other hand, I reckon that homework is of great significance to young generation when it comes to their schooling. The main advantage of homework is promoting time-management and problem-solving skills for youngsters. Since homework appears to surpass the completion of a task, children are under obligation to organize their schedules efficiently with a view to ensuring that all exercises can be done during the day. For example, by carrying out a large number of assignments and projects, they might grasp the importance of planning and have a good knowledge of setting priorities. In doing so, it puts children into a position where positive decision-making skills developed, which tends to give them a huge advantage when seeking a vocational career as adults. 

In conclusion, from the aforementioned points, even though homework has its drawbacks in some cases, I hold a firm belief that the benefits outweigh them in the long term. 

1.       As a result, should nuclear power come into effect, the atmosphere will have to suffer much less and the detrimental impact of pollution will be substantially alleviated.

2.       + Claim: the effect of old age can critically be attributed to the high risk of accidents among elder people.

+ Warrants: Consequently, if the driving exam is much more challenging, the quality of road safety will be greatly improved and the number of undesirable incidents will significantly decrease.

1. Warrant: Therefore, using nuclear power releases less carbon dioxide, which puts less pressure on the atmosphere and reduces the negative impacts of pollution.

2

Claim: this is because elderly people tend to have certain problems with their

 physical health

Warrants: it would be quite challenging for them to drive on roads and in some cases can lead to dangerous situations.

EX3:

1.

-Topic sentence:Fast food is also regarded as a symbol of Americanization

-Claim: Companies such as McDonald’s, Burger King, Pizza Hut have numerous outlets around the world and attract a huge number of customers.

-Grounds:Mc Donald's now operates over 25,000 restaurants world wide, and opens six new ones per day.

-Warrants: The American style of fast food eating has a big influence worldwide and plants seeds of American culture in other developing countries.

2

-Topic sentence: Hollywood has been dominating the global market

-Claim: While India produces more films in total, their impact outside of the country is increasingly limited compared to American made products.

-Grounds:About two-thirds of movie ticket sales around the world are for films made in the United States

-Warrant: Hollywood has given an insight into American culture, as people across the globe can see American fashions, customs, scenery and way of life.

There are several reasons why people might argue that homework is an unnecessary burden on children. Firstly, there is evidence to support the idea that homework does nothing to improve educational outcomes. Countries such as Finland, where school children are not given homework, regularly top international educational league tables and outperform nations where setting homework is the norm. Secondly, many parents would agree that the school day is already long enough, and leaves their children too tired to do further study when they return home. Finally, it is recognised that play time is just as beneficial as study time from the perspective of brain development. However, such thinking is only valid to a limited extent, because not handing out homework may mean having less time to revise for their exam, thus getting a lower score. There is also the possibility that without homework, parents appear to have trouble in realizing their children's actual abilities. These scenaries show how not giving homework to children could be counter-productive.  

In spite of the above arguments, I support the view that homework has an important role to play in the schooling of children. The main benefit of homework is that it encourages independent learning and problem solving, as children are challenged to work through tasks alone and at their own pace. In doing so, students must apply the knowledge that they have learnt in the classroom. This process is also called learner autonomy by which student may fully understand what they learn and how to develop a proactive approach to their studies. For example, by doing mathematics exercises at home, students consolidate their understanding of the concepts taught by their teacher at school. Subsequently, they may pose more question on what they are learning and awake their natural curiosity. Autonomous students have the potential to learn far more than passive learners as a result. In my view, it is important for children to develop an independent study habit because this prepares them to work alone as adults.

In conclusion, homework certainly has its drawbacks, but I believe that the benefits outweigh them in the long term.

 

2. Difficult driving tests for older people.

- Firstly, there is evidence to support the idea that homework does nothing to improve educational outcomes.

- Secondly, many parents would agree that the school day is already long enough, and leaves their children too tired to do further study when they return home. 

- Finally, it is recognised that play time is just as beneficial as study time from the perspective of brain development

2. WORDS/ PHRASES | MEANING
- educational outcome (n.phr)| kết quả học tập
- league table (n.phr)| bảng xếp hạng (so sánh chất lượng giữa các trường học hoặc bệnh viện)
- outperform (v) | to do well in a particular job or activity compared to others of a similar type → làm tốt hơn
- schooling (n) | the education you receive at school → học vấn
- consolidate (v)| to become, or cause something to become, stronger, and more certain → củng cố
- to set sth (for sb)| to give sb a piece of work, a task, etc. → giao việc gì cho ai đó

What is more, another decisive factor contributing to the widespread American culture is the media, or more specifically, the film industry. It may come as no surprise to learn that American movies have drawn a huge international audience of all ages and sexes. To illustrate, it is estimated that about two-thirds of movie ticket sales around the world are for films made in the US, making it one of the largest film industries across the world by revenue. Therefore, with its strong attraction to international audiences, Hollywood may soon dominate the whole film industry and help American culture be absorbed in many more nations worldwide..

The dominance of fast food is viewed as Americanization of the entire globe. Nowadays, huge fast food companies in America such as KFC, Kentucky, etc are attracting plenty of customers around the world and becoming irreplaceable to them. For example, Mc.Donald have around 25,000 restaurants all over the world. Furthermore, they have 6 new ones in the chain per day. Day by day, the convenience and quality of the food makes them be familiar to people and such phrases like “Mcdonaldization” become popular. As a result, eating habit will help expand the American culture throughout the world.

Para 2:

Another factor contributing to the homogenization of America is the influence of their film industry, as we called Hollywood. Sound and pictures have always been huge attractions to people, and American is controlling the world images now. A vivid elastration is about two-thirds of movie ticket sales around the world are for films made in US, although the number of films in countries like India is superior. It shows that Hollywood is dominating the media industry, and American can easily spread their own lifestyle, culture, products, etc.

-What’s more, the entertainment industry also plays an important role in making American culture become prevalent. The American film industry, also known as Hollywood, has been dominating the global market. While India produces more films in total, their impact outside of the country is increasingly limited compared to American made products. According to many researches, about two-thirds of movie ticket sales around the world are for films made in the United States. Hollywood has given an insight into American culture, as viewers across the globe can see American fashions, customs, scenery and way of life through U.S.films.

Moreover, the increasing prevalence of American culture can be mainly driven by the film industry’s enormous influence in many parts of the world . It is highly likely that the American film industry, known as Hollywood, has far been nominating the global market. According to statistics , about two-third of movie ticket sales around the world are for films made in the United state. Through cinema , viewers can be given fascinating insights  into US culture as they are familiar with a range of images and footage reflecting  it.

On the one hand, there are various reasons why people believe that universities should only offer subjects that will be useful in the future. They may assert that university courses like medicine, engineering and information technology are more likely to be beneficial than certain art degrees. From a personal perspective, it can be argued that these courses provide more job opportunities, career progression, better salaries, and therefore an improved quality of life for students who take them. Such advantages will be supposedly offered only when student opts for certain subjects related to science and technology. On the societal level, by forcing people to choose particular university subjects, governments can ensure that any knowledge and skill gaps in the economy are covered. Finally, a focus on technology in higher education could lead to new inventions, economic growth, and greater future prosperity. However such thinking is only valid to a limited extent, because the larger influx of graduates in science and technology studies into the labour market is actually a primary driving force behind the rising youth unemployment - another contributory factor in slowing economy . These scenaries show how forcing student to study certain key subject areas could be counter-productive.

On the other hand, it is understanable why university students should be free to choose their preferred areas of study. In my opinion, society will benefit more if our students are passionate about what they are learning. To be more specific, if knowledge is acquired in a comfortable state, students could learn them faste Besides, nobody can really predict which areas of knowledge will be most useful to society in the future, and it may be that employers begin to value creative thinking skills above practical or technical skills. If this were the case, perhaps we would need more students of art, history and philosophy than of science or technology.

In conclusion, although it might seem sensible for universities to focus only on the most useful subjects, I personally prefer the current system in which people have the right to study whatever they like.