Build a better Microbe by https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors PATB2220 Redditors en-us 2021-04-08 16:18:42 UTC 2025-05-23 21:17:56 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f333.png Inhalation of Droplets trodrig5 https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1409692910 One mode of transmission of this bacteria is by inhaling droplets from the body of an infected host.  -Tayte]]> 2021-04-12 23:19:43 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1409692910 Peak months trodrig5 https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1440994962 This bacteria is found to peak from December to April and it is found that males have a higher infection rate. -Tayte]]> 2021-04-21 04:26:37 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1440994962 Hyaluronic Acid Capsule trodrig5 https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1440998546 This capsule prevents opsonized phagocytosis and is composed of Glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine repeating units. This creates a molecular mimicry. -Tayte]]> 2021-04-21 04:29:00 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1440998546 Initiation and Lethality trodrig5 https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1441001261 Lethality of infection with this bacteria ranges from 20-40% if treated, if untreated, this bacteria is 70-90% lethal. -Tayte ]]> 2021-04-21 04:30:42 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1441001261 Invasive Type Disease trodrig5 https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1441003603 If left untreated this bacteria can cause Necrotizing fasciitis which is the most common cause of death among patients with this bacterial infection. -Tayte]]> 2021-04-21 04:32:06 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1441003603 Treatment trodrig5 https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1441006406 This bacteria can be treated with penicillin but in severe cases penicillin is used along with Clindamycin. Resistance to Tetracyclines is observed. -Tayte]]> 2021-04-21 04:33:42 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1441006406 PCR and blood agar trodrig5 https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1441007953 PCR testing can be used to identify this bacterial infection but it is most common to do a swab onto a blood agar plate. -Tayte]]> 2021-04-21 04:34:36 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1441007953 Prevention trodrig5 https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1441012239 Major recommendation is to avoid all contagious people until they have been on antibiotics for for 24-48 hrs. -Tayte ]]> 2021-04-21 04:37:08 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1441012239 Higher Risk People shannon4532w https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1444884315 There are high risk individuals more likely to contract the disease such as immunocompromised people, babies, and people over 65 years old. -Shannon]]> 2021-04-21 23:33:43 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1444884315 Foodborne shannon4532w https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1444888899 Could be a foodborne disease that has both environmental and animal reservoirs. Could replicate outside of the host. -Shannon]]> 2021-04-21 23:36:11 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1444888899 trodrig5 https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1445488972 2021-04-22 03:36:15 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1445488972 Internalins and ActA shannon4532w https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1445504948 Internalins A and B induce the phagocytosis of the bacteria into certain cells of the body to cause infection, and can then gain access to the bloodstream by using Actin A comet tails to leave the cells.-Shannon]]> 2021-04-22 03:44:11 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1445504948 shannon4532w https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1447636998 Initial infection from eating contaminated food, then bacteria gain access into intestinal cells. From there they can enter the blood stream and infect other parts of the body such as the liver, placenta, and brain. -Shannon]]> 2021-04-22 14:57:26 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1447636998 Invasive and Non-Invasive Forms shannon4532w https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1448237463 Non-Invasive: mild infection from consuming large doses of the bacteria in food, symptoms include fever, diarrhea, headache, myalgia
Invasive: High mortality rate, 20-30%, occur in the immunocompromised when the bacteria escapes intestinal lining, symptoms include fever, diarrhea, myalgia, septicemia, meningitis. -Shannon]]> 2021-04-22 16:42:19 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1448237463 PCR and culture shannon4532w https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1448256630 PCR used to detect internalins A and B, can also culture from stool sample. -Shannon ]]> 2021-04-22 16:45:41 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1448256630 Treatment shannon4532w https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1448262025 Antibiotics, either ampicillin or amoxicillin. -Shannon]]> 2021-04-22 16:46:41 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1448262025 Prevention shannon4532w https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1448266168 Proper food management; Clean all food surfaces/equipment, separate raw and cooked food, cook food thoroughly to safe temps, keep food at safe temps, high risk people should not consume risky foods. -Shannon]]> 2021-04-22 16:47:23 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1448266168 Not particular runicenchanter https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1483169477 No individual is of a higher risk, but most cases are cutaneous (through the skin) - Eoin]]> 2021-05-02 21:54:39 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1483169477 Three Ways runicenchanter https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1483170258 Can be spread through either the skin (cutaneous), the lungs (inhalational), or through eating contaminated food (gastrointestinal) - Eoin]]> 2021-05-02 21:55:22 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1483170258 PGA capsule and toxins runicenchanter https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1483171200 The extracellular poly-D-glutamate (PGA) capsule protects this bacteria from environmental factors and host defense.
This bacteria also releases lethal and edema toxins to kill / harm the host. - Eoin]]> 2021-05-02 21:56:13 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1483171200 runicenchanter https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1483173059 This bacteria is phagocytosed by macrophages. It survives, multiplies inside the macrophage and then escapes into the host via lysis. - Eoin]]> 2021-05-02 21:57:48 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1483173059 Dormant spores runicenchanter https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1483174496 This bacteria exists as dormant spores (not contagious), where the spores will infect a host upon contact in one of three ways. - Eoin]]> 2021-05-02 21:58:45 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1483174496 Culture and PCR. runicenchanter https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1483176433 Lab culture can be done on body fluids / secretions to detect this bacteria. PCR can be conducted to find chromosome markers. - Eoin]]> 2021-05-02 21:59:34 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1483176433 Antibiotic treatment and vaccine runicenchanter https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1483177333 60 days of antibiotics can treat this infection and there is a vaccine to prevent infection. - Eoin]]> 2021-05-02 22:00:23 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1483177333 Ages <15 https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1487486068 Younger people are at the highest risk, though infection is rare in developed countries -Riley]]> 2021-05-03 22:49:11 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1487486068 Mostly respiratory droplets https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1487488245 Respiratory droplets are the most common, but sore-to-sore contact can occur. Rarely fomites and milk.
Not zoonotic.
-Riley]]> 2021-05-03 22:50:25 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1487488245 Diphtheria Toxin https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1487490428 DT is the main factor (fatal at 0.1 micrograms/kg)--> gained through horizontal gene transfer or phages
Adhesion: Nine pilus proteins bind to pharyngeal, laryngeal, and lung cells
-Riley

]]> 2021-05-03 22:51:47 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1487490428 https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1487495327 Inhalation of respiratory droplets-->adhesion-->DT is absorbed into bloodstream and also stops transcription--> cell death and systemic effects
-Riley]]> 2021-05-03 22:54:30 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1487495327 3 forms https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1487497302 Respiratory: sore throat, fever, coughing, pseudomembrane in throat, enlarged lymph nodes, myocarditis, paralysis, kidney failure, polyneuropathy (systemic issues)
Cutaneous: skin lesions/ulcers (localized)
Ocular: conjunctivitis and keratitis
-Riley]]> 2021-05-03 22:55:44 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1487497302 Culture is best https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1487500468 Clinical signs and vaccination/travel history
*Culture*--> MALDI-TOF and Gram stain
PCR and histopathology
-Riley]]> 2021-05-03 22:57:38 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1487500468 Antibiotics and Antitoxin https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1487502436 Erythromycin and penicillin
Antitoxin binds the toxin
Vaccine for prevention (DTaP and Tdap)
-Riley]]> 2021-05-03 22:58:49 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1487502436 Immunocompromised https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1488035964 Slightly higher risk in males, and possibly those who are immunocompromised. Higher risk in developing countries. -Aron]]> 2021-05-04 03:11:35 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1488035964 Typically through ingestion https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1488039349 Infectious dose is 100,000 bacteria. Transmitted through contaminated ingestion, fecal-oral crossover, and poor sanitation. -Aron]]> 2021-05-04 03:13:26 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1488039349 Needle Like structure https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1488041756 Type 3 secretion system is a needle like structure used to inject host cells with inhibitory factors like proteins and other virulence factors. Many proteins can be encoded and injected by the bacteria, that can disrupt inflammatory response, rearrange host cytoskeleton, and destroy epithelial lining of intestines. -Aron]]> 2021-05-04 03:14:44 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1488041756 Starts with ingestion https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1488046312 Ingestion of bacteria somehow, salmonella invade epithelial cells of intestines, make their way into blood stream and infect other organs. Can then be stored in the gallbladder for extended periods of time. Then shed in feces. -Aron]]> 2021-05-04 03:17:12 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1488046312 Few types https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1488049391 Gastroenteritis- food poisoning, bacterial infestation of gut lining.
Bacteremia- bacterial infection of the blood stream.
Typhoid fever- highest mortality rate.

-Aron]]> 2021-05-04 03:18:47 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1488049391 Cultures https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1488051574 Samples can be taken from blood, bone marrow, feces. Bacteria are cultured on ss agar and xld. PCR used to define serotype of bacteria. Antigen testing available with Widal test. -Aron]]> 2021-05-04 03:19:53 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1488051574 Antibiotics https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1488054839 Oral antibiotics include ciprofloxacin and azithromycin. Injectable antibiotics are ceftriaxone. However, the bacteria is very resistant to most forms of common antibiotic treatment, often making treatment difficult. -Aron]]> 2021-05-04 03:21:42 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1488054839 No high risk individuals https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1490272124 Yersinia Pestis can infect anyone who lives in an area that the animal vector can live i.e. fleas.
-Hunter Keplinger]]> 2021-05-04 15:47:00 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1490272124 Vector Based https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1490286218 The plague is a zoonotic disease , exists mainly in rodents, and is then spread to humans by fleas.
-Hunter Keplinger

]]> 2021-05-04 15:49:29 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1490286218 T3SS and YOP proteins https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1490308801 The type three secretion system functions like a needle to insert YOP proteins into host cells. 

YOP proteins serve to inhibit phagocytosis and to down regulate immune responses in the host.

-Hunter Keplinger

]]> 2021-05-04 15:53:22 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1490308801 https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1490320613 Flea takes blood mean from infected host--> Flea bites and transfers bacteria into human      -->Tissue macrophages engulf      Y. pestis-->Y. pestis produces T3SS and YOP proteins then lyses macrophages-->Y. pestis migrates into lymph nodes--> Either the bacteria moves into the lungs or the cycle begin again.

30-90% death rate if not treated

-Hunter Keplinger]]> 2021-05-04 15:55:24 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1490320613 3 types https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1490345026
  • Bubonic (which causes buboes)
  •  Sept emic (which causes necrosis)
  • Pneumonic (when the bacterium infects the lungs).
    • Takes anywhere from 1 to 6 days for symptoms to occur
    -Hunter Keplinger

    ]]>     2021-05-04 15:59:50 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1490345026     Symptoms, Culture, and PCR https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1490357154 Y. Pestis is easily identified by its unique formation of buboes on the lymph nodes nearest to the infection sites.

    Grows on Blood, Chocolate, and MacConkey agars. But it takes up to 72 hours

    PCR is best

    -Hunter Keplinger]]>     2021-05-04 16:02:07 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1490357154     Treatment https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1490369685 There are many antibiotics used to treat Y. Pestis infection. These include; 
    • Streptomycin
    • Fluoroquinolones (first line)
    • Gentamicin (first line)
    • Levofloxacin
    • Ciprofloxacin
     Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is not common

    Prevention

    To control rodent populations, , use flea medication on pets, and use bug spray when outside. Avoid abandoned prairie dog mounds 

    -Hunter Keplinger
    ]]>     2021-05-04 16:04:25 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1490369685     https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1490528835 2021-05-04 16:32:39 UTC https://padlet.com/trodrig5/patb2220redditors/wish/1490528835