Medici

Patrons

Northern Renaissance

"1st Wave Imperialism"

Mercantilism

Columbus lands in Hispaniola

John Calvin - Calvinism

Ulrich Zwingli - Swiss Reformed Church

Anglican = Protestant

Heliocentric vs. Geocentric Theory

Also called Catholic Reformation

Baroque Art

Lutheranism officially recognized as religion

German princes

Anglican

Virgin Queen - no heir

80 Years War - Spain vs Netherlands (also called War for Dutch Independence)

East Indies

Dutch Golden Age

Alliances shifting

Catholicism vs. Protestantism

Last war of religion in Europe

New Model Army

Charles I (failed absolutism)

Catholic vs. Anglican tensions

Emphasizes sovereignty

Becomes military dictatorship

Oliver Cromwell

Westernization

Attempted Industrialization

William of Orange

William & Mary

England = Constitutional Monarchy

Enlightened Absolutism

Russia

Britain = dominant over France

Marie Theresa, Catherine the Great, Frederick the Great

Tennis Court Oath

National Assembly

Fiscal Mismanagement

King Louis XVI

Marie Antoinette

Storming of the Bastille

Women's March on Versailles

Committee on Public Safety

Jacobins

Guillotine

End of Reign of Terror

Disbanded by Napoleon

Anti-French Coalition

Conservative settlement - redraws boundaries & reasserts monarchies

Conservative dominated

"Wealth of Nations"

Laissez faire

Free market economics

Private Ownership

Adam Smith

Economic freedom

Private property

Increased individualism

Traditionalist

Status quo

Enforce Monarchy

Anti-change

No government exists

Workers Utopia

Bourgeoisie

Proletariat

Government owns means of production

Correct social ills of capitalism

First social welfare state = Germany under Otto von Bismarck

Maximizes pleasure, minimizes pain

Does the best for the most people; can ignore/suppress minorities

Pride/Loyalty/Devotion to a country based on shared characteristics (e.g. language, ethnicity, religion, history, +)

Survival of the Fittest but for humans

Justified imperialism

Leads to eugenics, phrenology, pseudosciences

Survival of the Fittest

Galapagos Islands

Technologies (steam engine, quinine, railroad, telegraph, etc.)

Rivalries

Scramble for Africa

Jewish homeland

Palestine

History of anti-semitism in Europe

State Socialism

Franco-Prussian War

Realpolitik

Junkers

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Realpolitik

Camilo de Cavour

Focus: Suffrage (right to vote) and education

Few gains made until 20th century

19th century reinforces Domestic vs. Public Spheres (Culture of Domesticity)

M.A.I.N. causes of WWI

Black Hand (Serbian nationalism)

Trench Warfare

Advancements in Weaponry (machine guns, tanks, submarines, poison gases)

Triple Alliance (Germany, Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary)

Triple Entente (UK, France, USSR)

Zimmerman Telegram

Freedom of the seas

Triple Alliance loses

Ottoman Empire is gone - Turkey replaces it

League of Nations

Germany pays reparations

Destroys Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire

Demilitarization of Germany

Germany relinquishes control of colonies

League of Nations created

Rise of Fascism

Shell Shock (PTSD)

Dadaism

Surrealism

Ernest Hemingway

Virginia Woolf

Otto Dix

Art moves from realistic to more surreal to capture tortured emotions

Disillusionment

Fascism: socialism + totalitarianism + scapegoat + nationalism

Nazi Party

Putsch = coup

Fascists manipulate democracy

Anti-semitic laws

Also Sudetenland annexed

Also Czechoslovakia annexed

Appease Hitler, Mussolini, and Franco to avoid war

Between Germany and USSR

Violated in 1941 (by Operation Barbarossa)

December 9, 1941 - US declares war

Holocaust officially begins

Heinrich Himmler - Architect of Final Solution

Concentration Camps

Anti-semitism

State-sponsored violence/murder

Genocide

Big three: Joseph Stalin (USSR), Franklin Delano Roosevelt (US), Winston Churchill (UK)

By Potsdam, FDR is dead; replaced by Harry Truman

Prevent another Great Depression

Prevent future wars

Foster international cooperation

VJ Day - Japan surrenders

Genocide defined

Nuremberg defense (only following orders) rejected

Leads to creation of International Court of Justice (ICJ)

Individuals can be tried as well as entire countries

East Germany - USSR

Louis XIV was 5 years old

Resulted in reaffirming of absolutism

Ottoman Empire

Alliance: Sardinia (Italy), Britain, and France

Orthodox Christians in OE

Pakistan

Gandhi

Nonviolent resistance

Beginning of Decolonization

United States sponsored

Open to all Europe

Denied by Soviet Union & satellites

Containment

Reaction to Holocaust

Realization of Zionism

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

US influence in Europe

Women's equality

Proxy War

Domino Theory

Containment

Division of Berlin (4 zones of occupation: Britain, France, US, and USSR)

Forerunner to EU

Diminishes French empire

Beginning of anti-Islamic sentiment in France

Proxy War

Domino Theory

Containment

France + Britain + Israel

Access to shipping

US dominates

France/Britain lose power in Middle East

Britain

Decline of the British Empire

Senegal (Fr)

Madagascar (Fr)

Congo (Belgium)

Nigeria (UK)

and more!

Moderate economic reforms

Western vs Eastern Bloc

US vs USSR

Abortion access

Women's education

Women working

Women's equality

The "Feminine Mystique" by Betty Friedan

Anti-Immigrant/Xenophobic Parties

unsuccessful

Expansion of ECSC

Forerunner to EU

Tito (1953)

Support for Israel = less oil for Europe/US

OPEC = Organization for Petroleum Exporting Countries

Economic recession (inflation)

Conservative

Anti-Immigration

2nd Wave Feminism in action (except Maggie ain't a feminist)

Soviet's Vietnam

Afghanistan = Graveyard of Empires

Reverses Khrushchev's policies

Perestroika

Fall of USSR

Beginning of End of USSR

Euro (currency)

Unified European market

Euroskepticism (anti-EU)

State sovereignty versus regional unity

Serbia = aggressor

Slobodan Milosevic

Bosniaks (Muslim)

Serbs (Christian)

Corats

NATO intervenes

Serbia = aggressor

Slobodan Milosevic

Albanians (Muslim)

Serbs (Christian)

NATO intervenes

USSR collapsing

Boris Johnson

Euroskepticism

Greece

Enlightenment values

oversees switch to French 5th Republic

Violence in Ireland

Violence against UK

Commericalization

Americanization fears

Service Based economies

South Asian Immigration

North African Immigration

Middle East Immigration

Rise of Islam in Europe

Sinn Fein

True beginning of decolonization