Biology Final Study Guide by

Photosynthesis

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-05 21:59:41 UTC

1- Inputs/ outputs (reactants vs products)
2- Chemical formula
3- Chloroplast
4- Light-Dependent Cycle
5- Calvin Cycle
6- How light energy is transformed into chemical energy

Chloroplast

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-05 22:12:10 UTC

a green plastid the photosynthesis takes place in.

Chemical formula

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-05 22:15:19 UTC

A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound

Light-Dependent Cycle

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-05 22:23:06 UTC

Photosynthesis takes place in two stages: light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions). Light-dependent reactions, which take place in the thylakoid membrane, use light energy to make ATP and NADPH.

Calvin Cycle

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-05 22:29:00 UTC

The Calvin cycle refers to the light-independent reactions in photosynthesis that take place in three key steps. Although the Calvin Cycle is not directly dependent on light, it is indirectly dependent on light since the necessary energy carriers (ATP and NADPH) are products of light-dependent reactions.

How light energy is transformed into chemical energy

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-10 07:16:03 UTC

Light energy is converted to chemical energy when a photo-chemically excited special chlorophyll molecule of the photosynthetic reaction center loses an electron, undergoing an oxidation reaction.

Laws

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-10 07:17:30 UTC

1- Law of Conservation of Matter
2- Law of Conservation of Energy
3- Law of Conservation of Mass-Energy (E=MC^2)
4- How is energy equal to matter?

The Law of Conservation of Matter

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-10 07:20:26 UTC

The law of conservation of matter or principle of matter conservation states that the mass of an object or collection of objects never changes over time, no matter how the constituent parts rearrange themselves.

Law of Conservation of Energy

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-10 07:21:49 UTC

The law of conservation of energy is one of the basic laws of physics and therefore governs the microscopic motion of individual atoms in a chemical reaction. The law of conservation energy states:

In a closed system, i.e., a system that isolated from its surroundings, the total energy of the system is conserved.

Some forms of energy:

1. Kinetic energy - energy of motion.

2. Potential energy - energy of ``location'' with respect to some reference point.

3. Chemical energy - energy stored in chemical bonds, which can be released in reactions.

4. Electrical energy - energy created by separating charges; energy stored in a battery, for example.

5. Thermal energy - energy given off as heat, such as friction.

Law of Conservation of Mass-Energy (E=MC^)

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-10 07:25:23 UTC

It implies that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can be change from one form to another. The law of conservation of mass states that the total amount of mass remains constant in an isolated system in spite of any physical or chemical changes that may take place.

E=MC^2
E = Energy
M = Mass
C = Speed of light

Carbon Cycle

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-10 07:28:38 UTC

1- Cellular Respiration
2- Products of Photosynthesis = Reactants of Cellular Respiration
3- CO2 emissions

Cellular Respiration

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-10 07:29:27 UTC

Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.

Products of Photosynthesis = Reactants

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-10 07:31:04 UTC

The reactants of photosynthesis are water, light and carbon dioxide, while the products are oxygen and sugars.

CO2 emissions

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-10 07:31:35 UTC

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary greenhouse gas emitted through human activities. In 2014, CO2 accounted for about 80.9% of all U.S. greenhouse gas emissions from human activities.

Food Web Energy Pyramid

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-10 07:32:58 UTC

1- the transfer of energy in a ecosystem
2- Autotrophs (producers)
3- Heterotrophs (Consumers)
4- Herbivore, Omnivore, Carnivore
5- Decomposes
6- Amount of energy that is available at each level
7- How much energy is transferred at each level

the transfer of energy in a ecosystem

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-10 07:33:37 UTC

The low rate of energy transfer between tropic levels makes decomposes generally more important than producers in terms of energy flow. Decomposes process large amounts of organic material and return nutrients to the ecosystem in inorganic form, which are then taken up again by primary producers.

Autotroph

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-10 07:34:39 UTC

An autotroph is an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals. Because autotrophs produce their own food, they are sometimes called producers.

Heterotrophs

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-10 07:35:25 UTC

A heterotroph (or consumer) is a living thing that eats other living things to survive. It cannot make its own food (unlike plants, which are autotrophs). Animals are heterotrophs.

Herbivore, Omnivore, Carnivore

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-10 07:37:05 UTC

Herbivores are those animals, such as deer and koalas, that only eat plant material.
Omnivores are those animals, such as bears and humans, that can eat a variety of food sources, but tend to prefer one type to another.
While most carnivores, such as cats, eat only meat, facultative carnivores, such as dogs, behave more like omnivores as they can eat plant matter along with meat.
Facultative carnivores can eat meat as well as plant material while obligate carnivores eat meat all the time.

Decomposers

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-10 07:38:38 UTC

an organism, especially a soil bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate, that decomposes organic material.

Biomolecules

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-10 07:39:21 UTC

1- Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids
2- Elements (C, H, O, N, P, S)
3- The structure of the major Biomolecules
4- How do the products of photosynthesis become amino acids?

Photosynthesis

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-19 21:56:12 UTC

6Co2 + 6H2O = 6cH12+6o2 = Glucose

the green pigment is called chlorophyll

Light dependent reaction takes place in the thylakoid

Calvin Cycle, Krebs's Cycle is not part of photosynthesis its part of cellular respiration. Calvin cycle takes place in the Stroma, which is the fluid inside chloroplast

light reaction makes NADPH, ATP and 02 that goes into Calvin cycle which produces P+ADP, NADP+, and Sugar

More Photosynthesis

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-19 22:09:38 UTC

The Calvin Cycle can happen anywhere, its not in just one spot.

Dark Cycle = Calvin Cycle

Food Triangle

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-19 22:12:12 UTC

.1%, Carnivore = Tertiary Consumers ex. Wolfs

1%, Omnivore = Secondary Consumers/Carnivors ex. = Raccon, Heterotroph, and Fox

10%, Heterotroph = Primary Consumers/Herbivore ex. = Mice, Squirrel, Fish, Insects, and Birds

100%, Autotroph = Producers/Plants ex. = Grass, Weeds, Leaves, Trees, and Flowers

Enzymes

richardnelson001 — 2016-12-19 22:32:50 UTC

Bind to the substrate (active site) and does work and produces the product.