https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u en-us 2023-08-07 05:22:22 UTC 2023-08-11 05:33:53 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f9e0.png u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657030580 2023-08-07 05:30:17 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657030580 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657032705 Sensory - Detect internal and external stimulus (e.g. raise in blood pressure)
Integrative - Process sensory information, analyse, decide on response. (E.g move out of sun because too hot)
Motor - Elicit an appropriate motor response by activating effectors. (Muscles = contract & glands = secrete) 

]]> 2023-08-07 05:35:03 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657032705 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657034875 2023-08-07 05:39:54 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657034875 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657035668 - Brain 
- Spinal cord]]> 2023-08-07 05:41:28 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657035668 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657036358 - Nervous tissue outside of CNS (e.g. nerves and sensory receptors) 
- Connected to spinal chord ]]> 2023-08-07 05:42:47 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657036358 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657037784 From the brain]]> 2023-08-07 05:45:48 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657037784 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657038156 From the spine ]]> 2023-08-07 05:46:40 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657038156 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657039561 Voluntary control
Skeletal muscle 
Put on coat, open window = voluntary control]]> 2023-08-07 05:50:11 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657039561 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657040429 Involuntary
Cardiac muscle, gland
Stimulate sweat glands = involuntary 

Brain stem]]> 2023-08-07 05:51:53 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657040429 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657043903 Fight or flight response ]]> 2023-08-07 05:57:35 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657043903 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657044275 Rest and digest response]]> 2023-08-07 05:58:26 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657044275 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657048252 Neurons - Communication
- Functional unit of the nervous system
- Has mitochondria etc
-Transmit nerve impulses (action potential)
- Dendrites, receive information and relay
- Soma/Cell body, contains cellular organelles suspended in cytoplasm.
- Axon, deliver nerve impulse to axon terminals.

Neuroglia - Support cells
- Don’t propagate or transmit 
- Protection and support ]]> 2023-08-07 06:07:46 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657048252 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657050813 A site of transmission between neurons, muscles or glands.
- Pre synaptic, occurs before synapse
- Post synaptic, occurs after synapse

2 types:
- Chemical 
- Electrical ]]> 2023-08-07 06:13:05 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657050813 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657052916 ‘Satellite cells are precursors to skeletal muscle cells and are responsible for the ability of muscle tissue to regenerate.’]]> 2023-08-07 06:17:35 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657052916 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657053445 ‘A type of glial cell that surrounds neurons, keeping them alive and sometimes covering them with a myelin sheat’]]> 2023-08-07 06:18:38 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657053445 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657054141 ‘Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the CNS that allow the fast and efficient transfer of neuronal communication through the myelination of axons’]]> 2023-08-07 06:19:58 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657054141 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657054555 ‘Regulate blood flow, but also transfer mitochondria to neurons, and supply the building blocks of neurotransmitters, which fuel neuronal metabolism’]]> 2023-08-07 06:20:46 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657054555 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657055204 ‘Responsible for normal maintenance of CNS tissue as well as the local response to injury or infection’]]> 2023-08-07 06:21:58 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657055204 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657055734 ‘Controlling the production and flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain metabolism, and waste clearance’]]> 2023-08-07 06:22:53 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657055734 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657083287 Insulates axon and therefore increases speed of conduction. ]]> 2023-08-07 07:10:19 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657083287 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657086242 Active & passive transport
Active - High to low 
Passive - Low to high 


]]> 2023-08-07 07:16:11 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657086242 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657749693 - Allow specific ions to diffuse across plasma membrane 
- Open and close due to the presence of gates 
- Gates open in response to specific stimuli ]]> 2023-08-08 05:31:00 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657749693 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657750302 - Randomly switches between open and closed.]]> 2023-08-08 05:32:43 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657750302 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657750977 - Open in responses to membrane potential ]]> 2023-08-08 05:34:40 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657750977 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657751937 Open in response to binding of a ligand i.e ion, chemical, hormone and neurotransmitter ]]> 2023-08-08 05:37:01 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657751937 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657753178 Is the difference in electrical charge inside and outside the cell.

Action potentials depends on membrane potential.]]> 2023-08-08 05:40:30 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657753178 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657759142 Na+ and K+ channels closed, little movement of ions.
Voltage gated.
More potassium on the inside - More sodium on the outside 

]]> 2023-08-08 05:55:36 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657759142 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657759868 Causes depolarisation to threshold.
If not reached, there will be no action potential. ]]> 2023-08-08 05:57:43 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657759868 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657764951 Voltage gated Na+ channels open. Na+ rushes into the cell. Voltage gated K+ channels slowly start to open. Membrane potential becomes more positive
Causes voltage gated channels to open 
Sodium rushed into cell, using passive transport 

]]> 2023-08-08 06:09:14 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657764951 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657766330 Na+ channels close. K+ channels open. K+ moved out of neuron.

Membrane potential goes more negative than original resting phase. Slow to close means we may lose more k+ than needed

Returns to resting phase. Becomes more negative ]]> 2023-08-08 06:12:08 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657766330 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657770501 Myelin disruption 
Chronic disease
Can lead to death ]]> 2023-08-08 06:20:29 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657770501 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657772313 2023-08-08 06:23:36 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657772313 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657774892 Three layers of connective tissue that extend around the spinal cords and brain.

Meninges - Protective membrane - Under the bones of the skull
- Dura mater (outer) Thick and tough
- Arachnoid mater (middle) Spider web - Spongey web structure, cerebral cortex
- Pia mater (inner) adheres to the surface of spinal chord and brain. Cerebral spinal fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid - Clear, colourless fluid that protects from trauma
- Protects against chemical and physical damage.
- Moves nutrients and waste between blood and cells of nervous system
- In between brain and the skull
- Choroid plexus, network of capillaries in ventricles
Blood brain barrier - Prevents harmful substances from entering the brain and spinal chord.]]> 2023-08-08 06:28:03 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657774892 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657802918 2 lateral ventricles 
1 ventricle in between lateral ventricles 
1 ventricle in between cerebellum and brain stem ]]> 2023-08-08 07:13:33 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2657802918 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659031301 Your cerebrum is the largest part of your brain and handles conscious thoughts and actions.]]> 2023-08-09 23:48:40 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659031301 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659032163 The cerebellum is primarily responsible for muscle control, including balance and movement. Whilst the cerebellum is very small, compared to the rest of the brain, it holds more than half the neurons in your whole body.]]> 2023-08-09 23:51:04 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659032163 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659033053 ‘The three primary roles of the spinal cord are to send motor commands from the brain to the body, send sensory information from the body to the brain, and coordinate reflexes.’]]> 2023-08-09 23:53:28 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659033053 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659036191 The bulbs at the end of a neuron that store and release neurotransmitter molecules.]]> 2023-08-10 00:01:09 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659036191 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659037549 The sodium ion (Na⁺) is the major cation in extracellular space. With its entry into the cell, Na⁺ can act as a critical intracellular second messenger that regulates many cellular functions.]]> 2023-08-10 00:04:53 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659037549 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659058994 - Spinal chord will reflex without going through the brain, survival mode ]]> 2023-08-10 00:48:09 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659058994 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659061587 Sensory - Conveys sensory information from body to CNS.
Motor - Transmits signals from the CNS to muscles and glands controlling voluntary and involuntary movements ]]> 2023-08-10 00:52:36 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659061587 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659106771 - What are voltage gated sodium channels, and where are they found in the nervous system?
Protein - allows sodium to flow into the cell. 
In neurons (cells) 

]]> 2023-08-10 02:06:46 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659106771 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659109226 Tetrodotoxin interferes with the transmission of signals from the nerves to the muscles by blocking sodium channels.
- Blocks voltage gate, no depolarisation = no nerve signalling, numbness, rapid weakening, paralysis of muscles including respiratory tract. 
- Sensory receptors cat reach CNS, no action potentials.]]> 2023-08-10 02:10:11 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659109226 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659111269 Responsible for decision making, problem solving and controlling voluntary movement.]]> 2023-08-10 02:13:00 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659111269 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659111994 Involved in processing sensory information such as touch, temperature, pain and spatial awareness.]]> 2023-08-10 02:14:11 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659111994 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659113283 Auditory processing, language comprehension, memory formation, interpret emotions/visual  ]]> 2023-08-10 02:15:51 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659113283 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659114307 Processes visual information, enables visual processing, perception and recognition.]]> 2023-08-10 02:17:27 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659114307 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659115798 The cerebral cortex is made up of cell bodies, dendrites and synapse of neurons.

Collectively, your cerebral cortex is responsible for the higher-level processes of the human brain, including language, memory, reasoning, thought, learning, decision-making, emotion, intelligence and personality.]]> 2023-08-10 02:19:58 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659115798 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659118247 Because the myelin sheath is largely composed of an insulating fatty substance, the nodes of Ranvier allow the generation of a fast electrical impulse along the axon. ]]> 2023-08-10 02:23:39 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659118247 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659131604 - Mechanical protection - Shock absorption and buoyancy. Brain floats in CSF 
- Homeostasis - allows for regulation of the distribution of substances between the cells of the brain. E.g. nutrients, waste, hormones.
- Circulation - adjusts intracranial pressure (pressure in brain and skull) to facilitate blood flow.

]]> 2023-08-10 02:42:57 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659131604 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659132741 - Protects cells from harmful substances and pathogens 
- prevents passage of many substances from blood into brain tissue 
- Consists very tightly sealed blood capillaries - assisted by astrocytes ]]> 2023-08-10 02:44:47 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659132741 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659938936 Cerebrum
- Largest part of the brain
- Left and right hemisphere
- Many layers
- Gray matter made up of cell bodies
- Cortex, outer layer of neural tissue
- Sulcus, a depression in the cerebrum
- Gyrus, forms primary motor
- Fissure,
Diencephalon
- Thalamus, between brain stem and cerebrum, extensive nerve connections, relay station for sensory impulses.
- Hypothalamus, base, maintains homeostasis
- Pineal gland, produces melatonin
Coordination with endocrine system, relaying signals,
Cerebellum
- ‘Little brain ‘
- Coordinates movement and balance
- Damage can result in loss of muscle movements
- Ataxia
Brain stem 
- Midbrain 
- Pons
- Medulla oblongada
- Controls respiration 
- Autonomic centres  ]]> 2023-08-11 04:25:57 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659938936 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659940332 Thick nerve tract connecting brain hemispheres 
A Genesis of the corpus callosum - related medical issue]]> 2023-08-11 04:28:24 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659940332 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659944754 Involved in behavioural and emotional responses.
- Frontal lobe
- Thalamus 
- Hippocampus 
- Amygdala, paired, pleasure, fear, danger 
- Hypothalamus, damage causes alzheimers, schizophrenia, ptsd
- Offactory bulb]]> 2023-08-11 04:36:26 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659944754 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659950835 Sensory areas - receive and process sensory information, including sight, touch, taste, smell and hearing.

Motor areas - control of voluntary movements 

Association areas - complex integrative functions (e.g. memory, emotions, reasoning, personality traits and intelligence)]]> 2023-08-11 04:49:58 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659950835 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659974342 - Doesn’t go through brain (hot stove) 
- Spinal chord 
- Spinal nerves, connected to spinal chord Connected to CNS to sensory receptors and effectors 
- Mixed nerve 
- Receptor (ouch) - to the sensory neuron to the spinal chord/integration centre (gray matter) - motor neuron, carries nerve impulse to effector which responds to motor nerve impulse. 
- Monosynaptic reflex - only one, direct communication between sensory neuron
- Polysynaptic reflex, interneuron 
- Patellar reflect - tap kneecap, somatic reflex
- Absence of patellar reflex could be nerve damage ]]> 2023-08-11 05:20:58 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659974342 u32540401 https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659983909 - Part of the peripheral nervous system (all nervous tissue outside of CNS) 
- Autonomic, involuntary functions (Heart, digestion, sexual, breathing) 
- Glands
- Smooth muscle 
- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic 
- Sensory receptors - Moniter internal conditions
- Sensory neurons (afferent)- Convey input from receptors to the integration centre 
- Control centre (brain stem) develop responses (reflexes, which are then relayed to motor neurons)
- Motor neurons 

]]> 2023-08-11 05:33:01 UTC https://padlet.com/u32540401/ceweo4q1212zqf3u/wish/2659983909