https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p Missy Miller Jason Galloway Kayla Cobian Hope Garmon-Sooley Period 5 en-us 2018-05-21 19:33:37 UTC 2023-02-08 01:53:56 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Condos.png mmil9681 https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/262491697 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark Supreme Court case of 1954 in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was, in fact, unconstitutional. Brown v. Board of Education was one of the big players of the Civil Rights movement, and helped establish the precedent that “separate but equal” education and other services were not equal at all. In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that racially segregated public facilities were legal, so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal, thus establishing the idea behind "separate but equal". The ruling constitutionally sanctioned laws barring African Americans from sharing the same buses, schools and other public facilities as whites, known as Jim Crow Laws. By the early 1950s, the NAACP was working hard to challenge segregation laws in public schools, and had filed lawsuits on behalf of plaintiffs in many states. In the case that would become most famous, a plaintiff named Oliver Brown filed a class-action suit against the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, in 1951, after his daughter, Linda Brown, was denied entrance to Topeka’s all white elementary schools. In his lawsuit, Brown claimed that schools for black children were not equal to the white schools.]]> 2018-05-21 19:43:14 UTC https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/262491697 mmil9681 https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/262492079 While visiting family in Money, Mississippi, 14 year old Emmett Till, an African American from Chicago, is brutally murdered for allegedly flirting with a white woman after being dared by friends. His killers, the white woman’s husband and her brother, made Emmett carry a 75 pound cotton gin fan to the bank of the Tallahatchie River and ordered him to take off his clothes. The two men then beat him nearly to death, gouged out his eye, shot him in the head and then threw his body, tied to the cotton gin fan with barbed wire, into the river. Till grew up in a working class neighborhood on the south side of Chicago, and though he had attended a segregated elementary school, he was not prepared for the level of segregation he encountered in Mississippi. His mother warned him to take care because of his race, but Emmett enjoyed pulling pranks. He was killed on August 28, 1955.  His corpse was recovered but was so disfigured that Mose Wright could only identify it by an initialed ring. Authorities wanted to bury the body quickly, but Till’s mother, Mamie Bradley, requested it be sent back to Chicago. She insisted on an open casket funeral to broadcast what had happened to her son. Magazines even published photos of Emmett's dead body. This occurrence deeply impacted many Americans and sparked many discussions. The two white men were declared not-guilty in court, but later were arrested after presenting their stories to a reporter for $4,000.]]> 2018-05-21 19:44:47 UTC https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/262492079 mmil9681 https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/262492133 In the verdict of Brown v. The Board of Education, the Supreme Court did not specify how exactly schools should be integrated, but asked for further arguments about it. The Court’s actions effectively opened the door to local judicial and political evasion of desegregation. While Kansas and some other states acted in accordance with the verdict, many school and local officials in the South defied it. In one major example, Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas called out the state National Guard to prevent black students from attending high school in Little Rock in 1957. After a tense standoff, President Eisenhower deployed federal troops, and nine students, known as the “Little Rock Nine”, were able to enter Central High School. ]]> 2018-05-21 19:45:01 UTC https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/262492133 mmil9681 https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/262492686 The Black Panthers, also known as the Black Panther Party, was a political organization founded in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to challenge police brutality against the African American community. Dressed in black berets and black leather jackets, the Black Panthers organized armed citizen patrols of Oakland and other US cities. Newton and Seale founded the Black Panthers in the wake of the assassination of black nationalist Malcolm X and after police in San Francisco shot and killed an unarmed black teen named Matthew Johnson. The Black Panthers’ early activities primarily involved monitoring police activities in black communities in Oakland and other cities. Newton and Seale drew on Marxist ideology for the party platform. They outlined the organization’s philosophical views and political objectives in a Ten Point Program. The Ten Point Program called for an immediate end to police brutality, employment for African Americans, and land, housing and justice for all. The Black Panthers were part of the larger Black Power movement, which emphasized black pride, community control and unification for civil rights. While the Black Panthers were often portrayed as a gang, their leadership saw the organization as a political party whose goal was getting more African Americans elected to political office. They were unsuccessful on this front. By the early 1970s, FBI counterintelligence efforts, criminal activities and an internal rift between group members weakened the party as a political force. ]]> 2018-05-21 19:47:24 UTC https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/262492686 hgar3368 https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/263156983 The March on Washington was a massive protest march that occurred in August 1963, when some 250,000 people gathered in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. Also known as the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, the event aimed to draw attention to continuing challenges and inequalities faced by African Americans a century after emancipation. Randolph led off the day’s diverse array of speakers, closing his speech with the promise that “We here today are only the first wave, additionally, speakers followed, including Rustin, NAACP president Roy Wilkins, John Lewis of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), civil rights veteran Daisy Lee Bates and actors Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee.]]> 2018-05-23 19:53:37 UTC https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/263156983 hgar3368 https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/263157068 The Selma to Montgomery march was part of a series of civil-rights protests that occurred in 1965 in Alabama, a Southern state with deeply entrenched racist policies. In March of that year, in an effort to register black voters in the South, protesters marching the 54-mile route from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery were confronted with deadly violence from local authorities and white vigilante groups. That August, Congress passed the Voting Rights Act, which guaranteed the right to vote (first awarded by the 15th Amendment) to all African Americans. Specifically, the act banned literacy tests as a requirement for voting, mandated federal oversight of voter registration in areas where tests had previously been used, and gave the U.S. attorney general the duty of challenging the use of poll taxes for state and local elections.]]> 2018-05-23 19:53:55 UTC https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/263157068 hgar3368 https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/263157139 Early in 1963, Civil Rights leaders in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and other civil rights groups developed a plan to desegregate Birmingham, a city notorious for its discriminatory practices in employment and public life. Segregation persisted throughout the city and blacks were allowed to go to many places like the fairgrounds only on “colored days.” The goal of the plan was to use tactics of non-violent protest to provoke Birmingham civic and business leaders to agree to desegregate. The demonstrations started in April 1963 as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Reverend Ralph Abernathy, and local leader Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth led thousands of African-American protestors in Birmingham. Thousands of children were trained in the tactics of non-violence. On May 2nd, they left the 16th Street Baptist Church in groups, heading throughout the city to protest segregation peacefully. One of their goals was to talk to the mayor of Birmingham about segregation in their city. They were not met with a peaceful response. On the first day of the protest, hundreds of children were arrested. ]]> 2018-05-23 19:54:18 UTC https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/263157139 hgar3368 https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/263157194 The 1961 Freedom Rides, organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), were modeled after the organization’s 1947 Journey of Reconciliation. During the 1947 action, African-American and white bus riders tested the 1946 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Morgan v. Virginia that found segregated bus seating was unconstitutional. Freedom Riders were groups of white and African American civil rights activists who participated in Freedom Rides, bus trips through the American South in 1961 to protest segregated bus terminals. Freedom Riders tried to use “whites only” restrooms and lunch counters at bus stations in Alabama, South Carolina and other Southern states. The groups were confronted by arresting police officers as well as horrific violence from white protesters along their routes, but also drew international attention to their cause.


]]> 2018-05-23 19:54:38 UTC https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/263157194 kcob9495 https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/263665851 The Attica Prison Riot occurred at the Attica Correctional Facility in Attica, New York on September 9, 1971. Prisoners demanded better treatment and living conditions. They were angered that their political rights were being restricted. The riot was the most well known of the Prisoners’ rights movement. The root occured because of the killing of George Jackson at San Quintin State Prison two weeks prior. Around 2,200 prisoners rioted and took control of the facility. They took 42 guards hostage. After four days of negotiations, the staff agreed to 28 of the prisoners’ demands. By demand of the governor, Nelson Rockefellar, guards took back control of the establishment. At the end of the riot, there were 43 dead. Ten were officers and civilian employees and 33 were prisoners.]]> 2018-05-25 15:13:16 UTC https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/263665851 kcob9495 https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/263666039 In 1968, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. tried to cross racial barriers by organizing a coalition to fight systemic poverty. He called it the “Poor People’s Campaign,” the campaign demanded equity for people from all backgrounds. After presenting their demands to congress, they conducted a 3,000 person camp out at the Washington mall.]]> 2018-05-25 15:14:05 UTC https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/263666039 kcob9495 https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/263670172 Freedom Summer was also known as the the Mississippi Summer Project. It was a 1964 voter registration drive sponsored by multiple civil rights organizations. The main goal of the Freedom Summer was to increase black voter registration in Mississippi, the Freedom Summer workers included black Mississippians and more than 1,000 out-of-state, predominately white volunteers. The KKK, police and state and local authorities carried out a series of violent attacks against the activists, The attacks included arson, beatings, false arrest and the murder of at least three people.
The freedom summer murders were the murders of three social activist in 1964. The victims were Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, and James Chaney. All three were members of the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO). The murders brought national outrage. There was a national investigation filed under "Mississippi Burning". The State government refused to prosecute those involved. However, in 1967 the United States government charged 18 individuals with civil rights violations.]]> 2018-05-25 15:31:35 UTC https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/263670172 kcob9495 https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/263671045 The Montgomery Bus boycott was a civil rights protest from December 5, 1955 to December 20, 1955. The protest consisted of African American citizens refusing to ride segregated buses. The protest is widely considered to be the first large scale demonstration against segregation in the U.S. FA few days prior to the boycott, Rosa Parks, was arrested and fined for refusing to give her seat up to a white man. After many days of protest, the U.S. Supreme Court ultimately forced Montgomery to integrate the bus system. A leader of the boycott, a young Martin Luther King, Jr., skyrocketed to the forefront of the American civil rights movement.]]> 2018-05-25 15:35:34 UTC https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/263671045 jgal2772 https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/263725234 these were nonviolent protests in Greensboro which was latter led to the sit ins at Woolworth that abolished the segregation in the southern united states.  these were the most well known events of the civil rights movement and led to an increase of sit ins in the us. ]]> 2018-05-25 19:32:40 UTC https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/263725234 jgal2772 https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/263725296 this was an African american civil rights organization led by martin Luther king and had a crucial role in the civil rights movement. the SCLC started in 1954 and started citezenship schools to teach adults to read so they could pass the voter registratio]]> 2018-05-25 19:33:06 UTC https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/263725296 jgal2772 https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/263725420 this was a civil rights movement and a political organization in 1957 that fought for equal rights and staged the successful 381 day Montgomery Alabama bus system boycott. this organization was involved in the voter education project and after that event the organization grew in numbers by the north]]> 2018-05-25 19:33:49 UTC https://padlet.com/mmil9681/ceeq7tows21p/wish/263725420