Ideas are created/introduced and ‘naturalised’ before finally being widely accepted. 

A signifier is the word/object that we see directly while the signifier is what we usually associate with that word/object

Barthes' 5 Narrative Codes:
-Hermeneutic/'enigma' code: a mysterious/unexplained occurrence in a text that leaves the viewer/reader with questions that need to be answered.
-Proairetic/'action' code: something happening which suggests what will happen next,  sequential elements in a text that create meaning behind the actions.
-Semantic code: How certain elements of a text can carry deeper meaning
-Symbolic code: Describes anything that has a symbolic meaning
-Cultural Code: Referring to how something could mean one thing in one particular setting and something else in another depending on the context.

Studies have also shown that certain colors can have an impact on performance. For example, one study found that seeing the color red before taking an exam actually hurt test performance.

Color can play an important role in conveying information, creating certain moods, and even influencing the decisions people make. Color preferences also exert an influence on the objects people choose to purchase, the clothes they wear, and the way they adorn their environments.

Colors on the blue side of the spectrum are known as cool colors and include blue, purple, and green. These colors are often described as calm, but can also call to mind feelings of sadness or indifference.

While some genres are based on story content (the war film), other are borrowed from literature (comedy, melodrama) or from other media (the musical). Some are performer-based (the Astaire-Rogers films) or budget-based (blockbusters), while others are based on artistic status (the art film), racial identity (Black cinema), location] (the Western) 
Specific genres tend to be easy to recognise intuitively but difficult (if not impossible) to define. Particular features which are characteristic of a genre are not normally unique to it; it is their relative prominence, combination and functions which are distinctive.
 There is a particularly important feature which tends not to figure in traditional accounts and which is often assigned to text-reader relationships rather than to textual features in contemporary accounts. This is mode of address, which involves inbuilt assumptions about the audience, such as that the 'ideal' viewer is male; as Sonia Livingstone puts it, 'texts attempt to position readers as particular kinds of subjects through particular modes of address'.

He argued that role models served as “navigation points” that guide the audience through their own choices in life.

 Gender Trouble was written in 1990 and at the time it was a criticism of the current wave of feminism that saw ‘men’ as the oppressive enemy to ‘women’. Butler would argue that this particular feminist perspective perpetuates the idea that masculinity and femininity are binary states (at opposite ends of a scale) which reinforces ideas of patriarchal control. The gender ‘trouble’ she describes is when identities are formed that mess with the two binary states of femininity and masculinity. When Butler wrote Gender Trouble in 1990, she used transvestism as an example of an identity that upsets the status quo of manly men and ladylike women. But in the 30 years since, society has come a long way and there is significantly more ‘trouble’ when it comes to binary notions of gender. The phrase ‘non-binary’, referring to someone who doesn’t define themselves as either wholly male or female, is increasingly in common usage

Audiences are more likely to be drawn to things that they recognise, that chime with their reality, even though those ‘realities’ are – as Butler would argue – false, socially constructed and mediated.

2. Explain how values and ideologies are communicated by media language used in the Close Study Product Letter to the Free.
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3. How useful is Paul Gilroy’s theory of representation in understanding the Close Study Product Ghost Town?
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4. Explore how far the representation of issues in the Close Study Product Letter to the Free reflects its social and political context.
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5. Explore the cultural and social significance of the Close Study Product Letter to the Free.