The Three first indigenous groups to make a Indigenous Government were the Mi’kmaq, Siksika/Blackfoot, and Iroquois. I will be talking about the Iroquois. There was Five Regions South of Lake Ontario. The five regions were Onondaga, Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, and the Seneca. It all started when there was a chief that was very bad, he was the chief of the Onondaga region. His name was Tadodaho. Everybody was scared of Tadodaho because he always treated people very badly, and punished them. Tadodaho always wanted war, that was how he gained power. But there was only one person who stood up to him. His name was Hiawatha. He told Tadodaho to have peace with the other regions. Tadodaho obviously said no because that was the way he gained power. Hiawatha had three children(all girls) and a wife. They had all died. Two of the girls died from illnesses. Since Hiawatha stood up to Tadodaho , he sent him to the Mohawk region, where there was a person called the peacemaker. He wanted to have peace in all five nations. When Hiawatha got to the Mohawk region, he had made a Wampum with White (Symbolising Peace) and Dark beads(Symbolising War) and most were White. Hiawatha gave it to the peacemaker. Since then the peace maker liked Hiawatha, even though they were from different regions. They wanted to have peace and started by going to the next region, the Oneida. But there was only one problem. The other regions would kill them if they trespassed so they needed somebody who nobody would be willing to fight with. They needed Jigonhsaseh. She was the perfect person because Warriors would go there to get refuges. But when other region Warriors came she would not let them fight she would give them food from the same bowl. That meant that they would have peace forever. Jigonhsaseh was from the Seneca region. Hiawatha and the peacemaker told Jigonhsaseh about the plan and she agreed. So they went to the Oneida region. The Oneida region did agree. Now they were going to the Onondaga region. They wanted to remove Tadodaho from power. The peacemaker did not, he wanted peace. They went to talk with Tadodaho and he said " You want war, lets have war" They wanted peace so Tadodaho disagreed. So now they went to the Cayuga region. The Cayuga region were the younger brothers of the Onondaga region. Tadodaho used them for war to win. And the Cayuga region did agree. Because of this Tadodaho was very mad. Tadodaho now wanted to have war even more than before. But they refused. Now they went to the Seneca region. All of their region chiefs agreed except one but he did later. After all of the Region chiefs met in a council meeting. All of them wanted to talk at the same time and it got chaotic. Then Hiawatha told them to stop talking and to take turns. But nobody knew how to convince Tadodaho to agree. Then Hiawatha got an idea. They had to make Tadodaho the leader. When Hiawatha got with Tadodaho, he told him about that. But there were evil thoughts in Tadodaho's mind. Like making them have war with other regions, and that would make me more powerful than what he already was. But Jigonhsaseh went up to him and told him that he should not have more war but to actually have peace. So Jigonhsaseh convinced Tadodaho to have peace. After the Onondaga would have all of the councils there, they were the keepers of the fire. When people came from the eastside the Mohawk would ask them for peace, they had three chances to accept. So if they did not, there could be war. And for the same thing for the westside but this time the Seneca. Hiawatha explained the rules. All the laws chosen had to be by consensus and Tadodaho would have the last vote. Jigonhsaseh sat with the women to talk about who would be the chiefs for the peace treaty. They would be given antlers to represent there new job. Women would have to put them there, those women would get beads of Hiawatha's wampum. The men who were chosen first met with the peacemaker on the shores of the Onondaga lake. Before there meeting began, the peacemaker asked one of the warriors for an arrow, then he held up the arrow and snapped it. Then he told them how easy it was to snap it. Then he asked each warrior from each nation to give him a arrow. Then he lined them up and tried to brake them, then he tried as hard as he possibly could. But he still did not brake them. After he told them that if they were united they could not be broken. But before the Council began the peacemaker told the Chiefs to put away there weapons and put there minds on peace. So the peacemaker choose a pine tree that grew with bunches of five. The chiefs took of the tree and put there weapons under. After doing that they replanted the tree. Then a eagle came on top of the tree. The peacemaker explained that that eagle would sense danger and make sounds. Hiawatha said that the government should work the way people like. So the Chiefs had to think how the law would work for seven generations. And if they were failing the job, there antlers would be taken away. Only clan mothers like Jigonhsaseh could appoint new leaders. The peacemaker believed that the government could only function if everybody had a role and a voice. So that ment that all men and women could have a law proposal. Instead of the wampum Hiawatha made to give the peacemaker on their first meeting, Hiawatha designed a broad belt, that became the symbol of the confederacy. White lines of peace connected the five nations of confederacy, with the Onondaga in the middle, represented by the tree of peace. Those lines extended to the edge of the belt, hoping that the peace would extend to other nations. EXTRA FACTS - Hiawatha was born around 1525. Jigonhsaseh was born 1142 AD. The peacemaker's real name was Haudenosaunee. A famous Quote from Hiawatha is "Instead of a man of peace and love, I have become a man of violence and revenge- Hiawatha. A famous Quote by Tadodaho is "The Great Law of Peace includes respect for all beings, and we're all trying to live by that law"- Tadodaho. A Quote by Jigonhsaseh is "It will take the form of the longhouse in which there are many hearths, one for each family, yet all live as one household under one chief mother. They shall have one mind and live under one law. Thinking will replace killing, and there shall be one commonwealth." - Jigonhsaseh.

Pangea was a supercontinent which means that the earth was only one continent. That was around 200 million years ago. There was only one ocean, the Panthalassa ocean. Millions of years later Pangea broke up in half. In the North Laurasia which included North America, Europe, and Asia. In the South Gondwana which included South America, Africa, Antarctica , Australia, and India. More million years later when the Earth formed, there was a bridge in the middle of Alaska and Russia. The bridge was called the Bearing land bridge. It was made out of ice and dirt. The Indigenous traveled threw the Bearing Land bridge, they traveled threw there to follow their food(Animals). But Thousands of years later, while the Indigenous were crossing they got trapped in the Bearing Land bridge. That was known as the Ice age. They were stuck there for thousands of years. Until the indigenous were able to cross the Bearing Land bridge to what is now Canada. EXTRA FACTS- In Pangea Canada was right beside Spain and Morocco. Pangea means in ancient Greek All land. Pangea was 148.9 million Km² (57.5 million square miles) big. The bearing land bridge was around 1.6 million km² (620,000 sq mi) big. Parts of Pangaea Were Covered in Ice. Some Areas May Have Hit 140°F (60°C). The Atlantic Ocean Was Born From Pangea's Breakup. You could’ve walked from Antarctica to Norway. Some dinosaurs never saw an ocean. If Pangea still existed, it would mess up ocean currents and maybe prevent civilization as we know it. There’s a new Pangea forming, Slowly, It’s called Pangea Proxima. There was a super lake in Pangea called the "Cimmerian Lake" and it might've been bigger than the Caspian Sea. Some continents got lost - The "Lost Continent of Zealandia". A sudden shift in Earth’s mantle, causing massive, rapid shifts in continents. A global climate upheaval, with intense volcanic eruptions, extreme shifts in ocean currents, or maybe even mysterious "superstorms" that led to extinction events. No fossilized evidence of the species or creatures that might have been erased. No clear geological signatures that pinpoint the exact moment or region of this cataclysm. And yet, everything changed. The atmosphere, the land, the seas. The entire balance of life.

The first European people to see and be on Canada were Bjarni Herjolfsson who was born on the year 966 in Iceland and Leif Erickson. Bjarni Herjolfsson was born in Iceland, in the year 966. Leif Erickson was born born around 970 - 980 CE, in Eiríksstaðir Iceland. His parents were Erick the Red his father and his mom was Thjodhild. Bjarni Herjolfsson was the first European to see/ discover Canada. When he sailed to discover new land. He was a Norway explorer. When he went back from sailing and discovering a new land, he told Leif Erickson that he had seen a new land of what is now Canada. Leif Erickson was the first European to be on the land of what is now in Canada the Newfoundland and Labrador Province. You might have thought it was Christopher Columbus but Leif Erickson was a few years first then him. Leif Erickson was a explorer from Iceland. He had to build a mini camp and stay there for the winter because it got very cold so his boat got stuck in the river he was going threw. This was because it got so cold that the river started to get Icy so the river froze and the boat got stuck. Leif Erickson could not leave without his boat. After winter ended Leif Erickson left and then he never came back. EXTRA FACTS- Bjarni Herjolfsson died by being shot by arrows. Leif Erickson had two children, Thorkell and Thorgils. A famous Quote that Leif Erickson said was "The pain that we cause is the cause of our pain." - Leif Erickson. One accomplishment of Leif Erickson is that he was the first European to reach the shores of North America. Leif Erickson also went to the land Greenland, Leif Erickson was credited for bringing Christianity to that land. Leif’s father, Erik the Red, founded the first Norse settlements in Greenland, and it’s likely that Leif was influenced by this family tradition of exploration. His journey to North America wasn’t a one-off adventure but it was part of the Viking age’s broader exploration spirit. He may have been a Christian missionary. Leif May Have Met Indigenous People, but they were different what we think. Leif's voyage could have been prompted by an unexplained celestial omen like a comet or strange sky phenomenon that the Vikings interpreted as a sign from the gods.

John Cabot was born around 1450 (Date is actually unknown) in Venice, Italy. John Cabot's parents were Giulio Cabot(His Dad), Mattea(His Mom). John Cabot had to flee Venice with his family. John Cabot had to flee because he asked for money from bad people to do jobs for them in Venice. But the problem was that John Cabot never finished or did the job. After John Cabot fled to Seville, Spain. He was a very good talking person and met the Spain kings nephew. They became very good friends. The Kings nephew asked the King to hire John Cabot. So he did hire him. To make a harbor. But John Cabot did not finish it. John Cabot ran to England. And learned that Christopher Columbus had discovered the Americas (They thought it was China). John Cabot told the king of England (King Henry lllllll) to help find China(The Americas). The king already knew about that he never finished his jobs. So he just gave him a crew and a ship. On his first Voyage it was a... FAIL it was in 1496. He came empty handed. The king got mad at him. He gave John Cabot another chance to go and find China. On voyage two it was both a Fail and a Success John Cabot travelled in a ship called the Mathew. It was both a Win and a Loss, because he did not find China (That was the fail). This was in 1497. And he found another land the Americas. They thought they landed in Newfoundland and Labrador (Labrador part). This was the last time anybody had ever come to the Americas since 2483 years since Leif Erickson. When they got there John Cabot mans went to explore the area and they got so scared that they ran back and left. They think they saw something moving with blood in their mouth. I think it was indigenous people with paint on them. During the journey they found a bow. And while John Cabot was behind waiting for them he poured a bucket in the water and grabbed a lot of fish. A quote John Cabot said is " Warming with fish which can be taken not only with the net, but in baskets let down with a stone." When he came back John Cabot told the King about what he and his crew had found. So because of what John Cabot said the king gave John Cabot one more chance, or give him a consequence. John Cabot started his third voyage in 1498. This time the king gave John Cabot five boats instead of one because John Cabot had found a new piece of land with lot of recourses and mainly Fish. When they came back only one of the five boats came back only, 20 percent. Nobody knows what happened to the other 80 percent or 4 boats. That is an unsolved mystery. Nobody has even found a boat of those. EXTRA FACTS- John Cabot was to first person to map Canada. John Cabot had one child, Sebastian Cabot. John Cabot was also a navigator. John Cabot was paid £20 per year. Three accomplishments the John Cabot were 1. Proving that North America was a new continent. 2. Revealing the viability of a short route across the North Atlantic. 3. Paving the way for European colonization in the Americas. A quote by John Cabot is "War is science of destruction." - John Cabot.

Jacques Cartier, born between June 7 1491 and December 23 1491. In Saint -Malo. Jacques Cartier's parents were Geffline Jansart(His Mom) Jamet Cartier(His Dad). Jacques Cartier died September 1 1557 in Saint - Malo, France. Jacques Cartier was a explorer and Cartographer (Mapper). He was hired by the French king (King Francis the first) to find China/Asia. They thought they found a passage called the NW passage. It would take them to Asia or China. Jacques Cartier went NW from France. Instead of going to Asia/China he ended up going to Labrador. He found the St. Lawrence gulf. Jacques Cartier sailed on the coast of the Gulf and mapped it. Then he sailed back to France and gave it to the king (Francis l) On his Second voyage Jacques Cartier went into the St. Lawrence river. During the journey he met indigenous people and they offered him peace. Then Jacques Cartier met the chief of the indigenous people. The Iroquois. The Chief had two sons. Jacques Cartier became good friends with the chief but at the same time not really. When the Chief was not paying attention to his sons, Jacques Cartier kidnaped both of them. Jacques Cartier showed them to the French king. After Jacques Cartier brought them back to the chief. Since they had a law to ask for peace 3 times they did not get mad. But the Iroquois started to worry. Jacques Cartier left people (Around 800) To make a fort that was later a city, it was called Stadacona. It is now Quebec City. The indigenous worried more because they were making walls but they were united. Jacques Cartier traveled south with 80 people to make another pace called Hochelaga. It is now Montreal. Jacques Cartier thought he found very valuable rocks and brought it to the king. But when he was going back to Stadacona there was war and the French were on top of the fort. Then Jacques Cartier kidnaped the chief's sons and the chief. He brought them back to the king and he was happy. About the minerals the king said that that was worth absolutely nothing. I think it was coal. The Chief and his sons were sent to prison for life, they were paraded across Europe so the people could see them. Jacques Cartier got rich and died like a healthy old man. Kanata means Canada. EXTRA FACTS- Jacques Cartier also sailed/voyaged in South America (Americas) before going to North America. At the time Jacques Cartier was called the "founder" of Canada. Jacques Cartier was the first French person to be on Canada. Jacques Cartier was the first person to map the St. Lawrence Gulf and River. Jacques Cartier had six children. A famous quote by Jacques Cartier is "If the soil were as good as the harbors, it would be a blessing."- Jacques Cartier. Three accomplishments Jacques Cartier did were 1. He discovered valuable resources. 2. He advanced navigational techniques. 3.He promoted further exploration. Jacques Cartier died by a plague.The gulf of St. Lawrence was called golfer du Saint-Laurent. The St. Lawrence River was called the Canada River.

Samuel de Champlain born August 13 (Same as Me) 1574, in Hiers - Brouage. His parents were Antoine Champlain (His Dad) and Marguerite Le Roy (His Mom) Died December 25 1635(On Christmas Day) in Quebec City. Samuel de Champlain was a French explorer(Somebody who voyaged across the ocean to conquer land), navigator (Was a person who used traditional methods to determine their position and course while at the sea), cartographer (Somebody who made maps), draftsman(Was a person who drawed or prepare planes, sketches, or designs), soldier(A person in the military, who fought in wars), geographer,(Were involved in European exploring), diplomat(A person appointed as a representative of their government in foreign countries), and chronicler(A person who wrote description of historical events as they happened). Samuel de Champlain on 1608 when he was 33 years old he got to Canada put down the French flag and Called this place New France. While Samuel de Champlain was there he made Quebec(Stadacona) Quebec. The first years were hard. And the population grew very slowly. Samuel de Champlain made Allies with some indigenous people, but had war with the Iroquois. The Iroquois could not make Allies with the French because Jacques Cartier did bad things with them. There was battles that lasted for years. The Iroquois became enemy with the French. Samuel de Champlain still sent people to the interior of the continent to see what was there. Samuel de Champlain Also started the One Hundred Associates Fur Trade Company. France had to surrender to Britain because they attacked Quebec. After the King of France paid lots of money the the king of Britain to get New France back. Britain Later regrets doing that. Now the French needed to rebuild Quebec. Later Samuel de Champlain became the Governor of Quebec. That was the best job that Samuel de Champlain got. Samuel de Champlain died on December 25 1635. Samuel de Champlain died by a Stroke. EXTRA FACTS- Samuel de Champlain travelled from Nova Scotia to the Mississippi River. The Mississippi River starts at Lake Itasca, Minnesota and goes 3,782 kilometers (2,350 miles) south to the Gulf Of Mexico. A famous Quote by Samuel de Champlain is "The advice I give to all adventurers is to seek a place where they may sleep in safety." - Samuel de Champlain. Two achievements by Samuel de Champlain was 1. that he founded Quebec in 1608, creating the first permanent European settlement in North America. 2. Samuel de Champlain spreaded Christianity among the First Nations.

The Fur Trade was a place were the Hudson Bay (British) North Western (French) traded with the indigenous Fur Pelts. This event started in the early 1500s. A small timeline about the fur trade: In 1653 The first voyageurs paddle west from Montreal. In 1660 Radisson and Des Groseilliers return from Lake Superior with 100 canoes full of fur. Radisson Was born 1636, in Avignon, France. Des Groseilliers was a french explorer and fur trader. 1666 British investors, including Prince Rupert, pay for Radisson and Des Groseilliers to explore a fur-trading route through Hudson Bay to avoid paying the French taxes. Prince Rupert was the first Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. 1670 The Hudson’s Bay Company forms. 1673-1684 HBC(Hudson Bay Company) builds forts along Hudson Bay and James Bay. 1682 A group of Montreal merchants forms the Compagnie du Nord to compete with HBC. 1713 War between England and France ends; as part of the peace treaty, the French return several HBC forts to English control. This war began in 1702. 1715 Rats and insects destroy the furs stored in Montreal warehouses. More furs are needed they are needed fast. 1768 HBC sees huge losses as Montrealers push west to get to First Nations before they trade with HBC. 1774 Samuel Hearne builds Cumberland House, the first HBC fur trade post inland, rather than on the coast. Samuel Hearne was the first European to travel by land across the Arctic from the east coast to the Arctic Ocean. 1778 Captain James Cook stops off the B.C. coast to trade for sea-otter fur with Aboriginal people. Captain James Cook was born in the Yorkshire village of Marton, on October 28, 1728. 1779 English, Scottish and French-Canadian businessmen in Montreal form the North West Company compete with the HBC. 1780 An English company makes the first Hudson’s Bay Company point blanket, with black stitched lines or points. 1788 NWC builds Fort Chipewyan on Lake Athabasca in what is now northeastern Alberta. 1789 Alexander Mackenzie makes it to the Arctic for the NWC. Alexander Mackenzie contributed to the expansion of the fur trade farther into northern and western of Canada. 1793 The Nor’Westers control more than three-quarters of fur sales; Alexander Mackenzie reaches the Pacific Ocean by land. 1798 HBC introduces its legendary creamy white blanket with green, red, yellow and blue stripes. 1804 NWC builds Fort William on northwestern Lake Superior to replace its fort at Grand Portage, now in American territory. 1816 Battle of Seven Oaks. Battle of Seven Oaks was were 25 Bay employees and settlers rode out to confront 61 Mtis and Indians. 21 HBC people died and one Metis. 1821 The North West Company and HBC combine. 1825 HBC sets up its first post on the west coast, Fort Vancouver in what is now Washington. 1831 HBC establishes Lower Fort Garry, just north of Winnipeg. 1870(Last One) Rupert’s Land becomes part of Canada when HBC signs the Deed of Surrender. Settlers start to flow west in ever-greater numbers, setting up farms, businesses and towns. Why the Fur trade was important to New France. The Fur trade was important to New France because European Governments were interested in exploration in North America, especially also in finding a route to Asia. However, merchants became more and a lot more interested in North American Goods. In the beginnings of the 1580s, French merchants started to send ships to North America just to trade for Furs(Beaver). The Coureurs des bois. As the Fur Trade began, the first nations people that were traders, travelled to the European trading posts to trade. Before that European people called the Coureurs des Bois. "Runners of the wood." They did trading with the first nations. Voyageurs. Many young men were were attracted to the fur trading of the Europeans and First Nations. Many thought that it was a life of Adventure and freedom. New France then worried that too many young people were trading("Wood Running"). The governor made a law to control trading, it was that you need to get the governor's permission. The people who got their permission called themselves Voyageurs. Many Coureurs des bois continued trading without any permission by the governor, but they could be punished, put in jail, or even hanged. This could happen only if they were caught. A Voyageur song was Youpe! Youpe! sur la riviere Vous ne m'entendez guere Youpe! Youpe! sur la riviere Vous ne m'entendez pas. In english it would be: Hurrah, Hurrah on the river. You can hardly hear me. Hurrah, Hurrah on the river. You can't hear me at all. What was the British involvement in the Fur Trade. Two Coureurs des bois named Pierre-Esprit Radison and his brother in-law Medard Chouart des Groseilliers, had an idea, it was that they believed that it would be cheaper and faster to send ships into the Hudson bay to trade and collect furs rather travelling a farther distance that was threw the St. Lawrence River to Montreal. These two men told this idea to the leaders of New France. The leaders did not just ignore this idea but they fined Radisson for doing some trading without any permission from them. They secretly left New France, so they took there idea to a group of British merchants. After some time the British merchants sent them both to explore the Hudson bay route. When they both returned to Britain. Their ships were filled with furs. After the british formed the Hudson bay company. The company hoped to set up trading posts and to ship furs to Britain through the Hudson Bay. How life was at a Hudson's bay Company Trading post. Many men from England and Scotland came to Canada to work with the Hudson's bay Company. These people who came would explore the area and they would build trading posts to expand the Hudson's bay company's trade. Jobs in Fur trading posts. The leader of a fur trading post was called a Cheif Factor. He was the one who managed the the operation of the fort. Other men who worked for the company were called servants of the Hudson's Bay Company. Hundreds of these men came from islands of Scotland. The servants were Tradesmand, Clerks, and Laboures. Tradesman included boat building(Built boats), Blacksmiths(They provided essential tools and hardware for forts, trading posts, and the lives of fur traders and Indigenous peoples, crafting items like nails, tools, and even weapons), Carpenters( Were important for constructing and maintaining trading posts, building furniture, carts, canoes, and boats, and repairing infrastructure), and Coopers(They were important in the Fur trade for crafting and repairing the wooden barrels used to store and transport goods like beaver furs, provisions, and other commodities) Clerks kept records of all furs that were shipped in and out of the fort. Laboures included Cooks(Who cooked food), Gardeners(Who planted to have fruits and vegtables to eat), and Explores who were responsible for finding new trading routes to do trading. Pierre de La Verendrye. Pierre de La Verendrye was a canedien explorer that was born 1685 near Trois-Rivieres. Pierre played an very important role in the expansion of the French Fur trade. In 1731, Pierre said that he wanted to make a journey westward to find a water route across Canada. The French government did not give him money, but they did grant him the rights to the Fur trade in the west. The Nor'Westers Company. When the British enentually took over the governing of New France, it looked as if the Hudson's bay company would have no competition, in the fur trade in Canada. However a group of British merchants teamed up with canadine voyageurs and forming a new trading company. The trading company the formed was the Nor'Westers Company. The traders who worked for this company, called them selves the the Nor'Westers. Before lots of time the Nor'Westers were trading farther west than the French had. The Hudson's Bay Company Expands. The Hudson's bay company also expanded into the western side of Canada, the Pacific northwest, and northern regions of Canada. Fur traders and explorers continued to search for furs and, in some cases, they would use the North West passage. The Hudson's bay company built many forts across the Pacific region. Some were Fort Victoria, Fort St. James, Fort Vancouver and Fort___A City or town. Deciding on a trading system. The Hudson's bay company introduced a coin called a made-beaver token. A made-beaver was the name given to a beaver pelt that had been worn for at least one season. The Changes that the Fur trade brang. The Fur trade brought many changes to people's lives. Not only did it affect how people lived, but it also resulted in a new people, the Metis.

The Seven Years War was the first ever global war(not WWl), this war lastest from 1756–63 which is 7 years. some of the countries that were involved were France, Austria, Russia, Sweden, Spain, Great Britain, Portugal. Some Battles in the Seven years war - Battle of Prague (May 1757): was a bloody battle where Frederick the Great's Prussian forces got the Austrians back into the fortifications of Prague. Fact: Frederick lost over(Died) 14,000 men, and they also lost two of his thier best generals. Battle of Kolin(1757): Was another Austrian victory that further weakened Frederick's forces even more. Fact: The battle lasted 5 and a half hours. Battle of Quebec (1759): (The most important battle) A crucial British victory that led to the conquest of Canada. Fact: Around 640 French and 650 British were killed or wounded and the battle lasted about a hour or less. Battle of Plassey (1757): A important British victory that was in India that cemented British dominance in their region. Fact: The battle got its name because of the abundance of the Palash trees. Battle of Rossbach (1757): A Prussian victory that helped rebiuld Frederick's momentum in the war. Fact: in total 10,152 men were killed, wounded, or captured. Battle of Leuthen (1757): Another Prussian victory, showing the world Frederick's skill as a military leader. Fact: This was Frederick's best battle of all time. Battle of Zorndorf (1758): A Prussian victory against the Russian army, highlighting their ferocity of fighting. Fact: In total, in between 20,000 and 22,000 men died. Battle of the Plains of Abraham (1759) –Was the key to British dominance in North America. Fact: The British won the battle because of their superior battlefield techniques. Siege of Quebec (1759) – Marked the end of French colonial power in Canada. Fact: Both commanding officers of British and French died from wounds sustained during the battle. Battle of Wandiwash (1760) – This Battle secured the British control over India. Fact: This battle was part of the Third Carnatic War. Battle of Torgau (1760) – The battle saved Prussia from collapsing. Fact: The battle took place on November 3, 1760 in Saxony. Battle of Saint-Foy (1760) – This was Frances last attempt to retake Quebec. Fact: Even though the French won the battle to take back Quebec, the city surrendered four days later, so the French forces retreated from Quebec. Battle of Signal Hill (1762) - The battle was marking the final military engagement of the French and Indian War. Treaty of Paris (1763) - Was an peace agreement to end the Seven years War. It was signed by France, Britain, and Spain. Extra Facts: The War Saw the Rise of the British Navy. The War Introduced New Weapons and Military Tactics. The British Army was the most successful army in the seven years war. It Left Britain Broke — Leading to the American Revolution. Russia Nearly Wiped Prussia Off the Map but then just thought “Never Mind”. Entire Cities Were Set on Fire to Hide Defeat. It Accidentally Helped Create Australia. A Scientist Used It to Discover Carbon Dioxide-Joseph. The war began over disputes in North America and India.

The Metis People. The relationships between European traders and First Nations women were very important to the fur trade. They created trust and friendships between the traders and the first Nations communities. They understood the customs and language of their people, acting as translators in trade talks. They also knew how to live and travel on the land. The traders depended on them for their day-to-day survival. European Men Traders and First Nation Women often had children together. People who are born from mixed European and First Nations are called Metis. The Metis children learned the skills and the knowledge from both their European Father and First Nation Mother. Many Metis worked as Clerks, Interpreters (Interpreters were crucial in the fur trade by connecting the gap between First Nations and European speakers when trading) and, Canoeists (Canoeists were also known as Voyageurs). The Metis that were in the Plains, would go out and they would hunt down some Buffalo for their fort, in the Summer. The Metis Buffalo Hunt. The Buffalo was an important part of a Metis' life, culture, and identity. People from a Metis' family would often travel for hundreds of Kilometers to find Buffalo herds. Generally, First Nation Hunters would herd Buffalo over cliffs, called Jumps, or into enclosures, or pounds, where they could be brought down using spears, arrows, or guns. The Metis hunters had a different method of doing this. What the Metis would do is that they would ride along the charging herds, while firing rifles from the horse's back. The Pemmican Trade. In 1779, an explorer and fur trader, bought Pemmican back east were he was from a trip that he had made to the Athabasca River. This food (Pemmican) was perfect for traders and explorers. Pemmican was dried Buffalo meat Write Here This was because it was it was light to carry, it also did not go bad quickly, and it provided a good source of energy to be able to work/trade. Posts were built along the Westside of Canada and the very north western part of what is now USA(Seattle) for the Pemmican Trade. This increased the Urging of Buffalo meat. Making Pemmican was as important an event as the hunt for Buffalo. It involved many members of the community and took many days to make. Women and also Children worked for hard and long hours together. Conflict in the Fur Trade. The competition of the fur trade created conflict between First nations. There was confilct over territories, trade routes, and trading partnerships. It also created conflict within the communities do to the less sharing of wealth. Diseases. Europeans brought disieses that the First nations people have never been exposed to ever before. Some of the Disease that the traders brought were typhoid(A life costing fever coused by the bacteria Salmonella Typhi), Diphtheria(Usally affects the membranes of the nose and throat), and Smallpox(it is a very contagious disease caused by the variola) What to trade. One beaver trade could be traded for two combs, a pair of pants, two red feathers, 20 fish hooks, or 3/4 pounds of buttons. Four bever pelts could trade for Six timbles, two mirrors, eight knifes, or a Pistol.

The American Revolution was a war between the American and the British. The Americans were being treated very unfairly by the British. They could not talk to the king of England because they were in a whole other place across the ocean. Because of this the taxes just kept on getting worser and worser. The Americans did not want to have war with the British because at the time the British were the strongest empire at war at the time. Before the war came important events. One important event was called the Boston Massacre. The Boston Massacre was in Mar 5, 1770. The Boston Massacre was a confrontation in Boston, where British soldiers shot several colonists who were harassing them verbally and throwing projectiles at the British soldiers. They killed 5 Americans and hurt 6 Americans. Then came the Boston Tea Party. The Boston Tea Party was in December 16 1773. The Boston Tea Party incident in which 342 chests of tea belonging to the British that were thrown from ships into Boston Harbor by American patriots. The Americans were protesting on a tax on tea with taxation without representation. The news of the Boston Tea Party finally reached England on January 19, 1774, that was brought by the ship Hayley. When King George III was told of the destruction of the Boston Tea Party, later that evening, he just saw it as a temporary problem caused by a few troublemakers in Boston. Then came The Invasion Of Quebec. The Invasion Of Quebec was the first major military initiative by the volunteering American "Soldiers" during the American Revolutionary War. However, it ended up being a disastrous defeat for the Americans, because they failed to invade the British-held city called Quebec. In 1777 something that could have had costed the Americans the war - France entered the war against Britain in February 1778. France declared war on Britain and provided money, equipment, and troops to aid the American Patriots. Another thing that helped the Americans in the war - Spain also entered the war against Britain in June 21, 1779. The main goals of Spain were to recover Gibraltar and Menorca from the British and to damage British trade through the actions of privateer. The last event will be - The Treaty of Paris 1783. The Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War between Britain and America. Canada was involved in the American Revolution because the Americans attacked Quebec (But was held by the British). Loyalists were American colonists who supported the British cause during the American Revolutionary War. They included American White Men and Women, enslaved Black people, and indigenous people. Extra Facts: The Americans would have had lost the war without France. On October 19, 1781, the British formerly surrendered at Yorktown. Slaves were paid to fight in the American revolution. George Washington was the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. Britain's soldiers were called Redcoats. King Henry brought in thousands of German fighters called Hessians. They were known for their strength, courage and ferocious fighting. The most common weapon during the war was a musket, for extra deadly force it had a bayonet. So when the soldiers lost all the gunpowder the chief would yell out Bayonet. The soldiers would try to stab the other soldiers. America's first soldiers were Farmers, Shopkeepers, and teenage boys.

Extra Facts: Samuel de Champlain was the first person to Fur Trade. The Métis were called "Children of the fur trade" in the Fur Trade. Russian fur traders came to Fur Trade in the 18th century. It was a global business. Fur trade rivalries were intense. Voyageurs burned 5,000–7,000 calories a day.

The war of 1812 was from June 18, 1812, to February 17, 1815. After the American Revolution there was a Truce between American and England. The Truce was technically broken at sea. In 1807. It was broken because there was a person on a ship that was English from America that did not want to go back to England. His name was Captain Thomas Garnet. The captain of the ship. The British killed him and other people on the ship. The Americans did not really want to go back to war because the British were very far away from them so it would be hard for the Americans to go to England and attack. But it would be even more harder because the British had the most powerful Navy on earth at the time.(Navy is an army at sea) The British also did not want to go at war even more because Napoleon was cooking at war. That meant that the British had their army against Napoleon. Napoleon was causing a lot of stress in Europe. England stopped trading with America. Any ship from America that was going to trade with a Country in Europe - France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, etc. This was in-between 1807 and 1811. So the English appointed Sir Isaac Brook to keep Canada from the Americans taking control over it. He was also officially president of one part of Canada, back then it was President not Prime Minister. You can get more info at the end. Sir Isaac Brook looked for a Allie. He needed an Allie because America was WAY more Powerful then them. The Allie that he found found was named Tecumseh. Tecumseh was the last leader that the Indigenous followed. He was not only from one group but from all indigenous. You can get more info at the end. Both were allies to fight America. Since America did not want to attack England they instead decided to say that they were going to take Canada from England. James Madison (President of America at the time) Declared war on England to attack Canada. The English had guessed right that the Americans were actually going to attack Canada. America burned down lots of City's/Villages/Towns in Canada. So what Sir Isaac Brook did was to take Detroit. They took Detroit in August 15, 1812. After lots of time of battling Sir Isaac Brook retreats soldiers to go to Ontario. Sir Isaac Brook did that because the American's were going to Ontario. Then when the American's were going to cross a river. But Sir Isaac Brook and his troop stopped them from crossing easily. All generals always stay back and let the soldiers fight, but Sir Isaac Brook did not because he did not care if he died for Canada. So Sir Isaac Brook and his troop was able to hold the American's long enough so the other Canadians could get there to fire the American's back. The battle was called the Battle of Queenstown. The battle was fought on 13 October 1812. And also sadly Sir Isaac Brook passed away at that battle. Almost a year after America was able to burn the whole city of York(Toronto) This event was on April 27, 1813. The General that wad leading the American's was called Major General Roger Hale Sheaffe. It was called the Battle of York. After, the reaction of the British was to try to burn down the White House. The White House is were the president of America that was active lived. The White House mission was successful. The White House was burned by the Canadians on August 24, 1814. The new General did not like Tecumseh at all and he did not listen to him at all. One time the new General said that they were going to attack at a river but Tecumseh said that they could ambush them. But the new General did not listen to him. So when they went to river to fight they actually did get ambushed. The Battle of the Thames was how the battle was called, it was fought on October 5, 1813. Sadly Tecumseh passed away at that battle. After The Treaty of Ghent, which officially ended the War of 1812, was signed on December 24, 1814. While the war formally ended with the treaty, it was in Ghent, Belgium news of its signing took lots of time to reach North America, and some more battles continued to happen all the way into the early 1810's. One of the last battle of the 1812 war was led by the new General to attack New Orleans. They also did not now that the war was over. The New General went to try to take New Orleans and make the British king very happy. But when the Canadians attacked it resulted in a very bad loss for them. It was fought on January 8, 1815. The American's were led by Major General Andrew Jackson. When the New General went back the King got very mad at him because the war had have had ended because of the Peace treaty in Belgium and they had a terrible loss against the American's in New Orleans. Battles: Battle of Fort Meigs (1812): A stalemate(Tie) between the Canadians and Americans. Fact: About 1,200 Kentuckians came to help so they charged the British troops there, then chased retreating enemies too far that they got ambushed. Battle of Buffalo (1812): A British victory in Upper Canada(Buffalo used to be in Canada). Fact: Buffalo Was Burned to the Ground in that battle. Battle of Crysler's Farm (1812): A British-Canadian victory. Fact: The battle is sometimes called "The Battle That Saved Canada" Battle of Chateauguay (1812): A British-Canadian victory. Fact: The Battle was actually in 1813. Battle of Prairie du Chien (1812): A British victory. Fact: The British troops and their Indigenous allies came by canoe down the rivers to launch the attack. Battle of Sandy Creek (1812): A British victory. Fact: This battle took place near Big Sandy Creek, located along the St. Lawrence River in what is now New York City. Battle of Longwoods (1812): Another British victory. Fact: The American force, approximately 1,000 soldiers, was caught off-guard and severely outnumbered by around 1,200 British and Canadian forces. Battle of Detroit (1812): Another British victory. Fact: The British captured 2,500 U.S. troops. Battle of Fort Mackinac (1812): Another of the British victory's. Fact: The British approached the fort with a show of force. The Americans saw a large group of British soldiers and Indigenous warriors marching toward the fort and, in an effort to avoid bloodshed, The Americans surrendered without any fighting. Battle of York (1813): A British-Canadian victory in Upper Canada. Fact: As the British retreated, they set fire to the fort's magazine, which exploded, killing 38 Americans and wounding over 200 Battle of York (1813(Again)): An American victory. Fact: After the American's capturing Fort York, the forces went on to burn down buildings, including the Legislative Assembly, and looted homes and businesses. Battle of Fort George (1813): An American victory in Upper Canada. Fact: After the war, Fort George was rebuilt and later abandoned, becoming a National Historic Site in 1937-40. Battle of the Thames (1813): An American victory in Upper Canada. Fact: Tecumseh’s last stand because in this Battle Tecumseh died. Battle of Lake Erie (September 10, 1813): A decisive naval victory for the United States, securing control of the Great Lakes. Fact: This was the first time the U.S. Navy took full control of one of the Great Lakes. Battle of Chippawa (1814): An American victory in Upper Canada. Fact: The Americans shocked the British. Battle of Lundy's Lane (July 25, 1814): A bloody and bitter battle on Canadian land, marking a key turning point in the war. Fact: There were around 1,700 total soldiers killed, wounded, or missing. Battle of Plattsburgh (September 11, 1814): A joint land and naval battle in upper New York State, the last major British operation of the war (excluding battles after the Treaty of Ghent) Fact: In that Battle there were around around 11,000 troops British. Battle of Bladensburg (1814): A British victory leading to the burning of Washington D.C. Battle of Fort Erie (1814): An American attempt to seize control of the fort that was ultimately unsuccessful. Fact: This battle had the Biggest explosion of the War of 1812. Battle of Lacolle Mills (1812 & 1814): Both times they were British-Canadian victories in Lower Canada. Fact: The Americans brought heavy cannons through swampy terrain, and one of the cannons got stuck in the mud. Battle of Cook's Mills (1814): A British-Canadian victory.  Fact: After the battle, American troops destroyed flour mills and supplies to cut off resources from the British, even though they didn’t stay to occupy the area. Battle of St. David's (1814): Another of the British-Canadian victory. Fact: The battle occurred near St. David’s, a village situated on the Niagara Peninsula in Upper Canada (now Ontario), just north of the Niagara River.

Battle of Fort Oswego (1814): Another of the British victory's. Fact: While the Battle of Fort Oswego wasn’t huge in terms of the number of troops involved, it was important because it gave the British control over Lake Ontario. Battle of New Orleans (1815): A major American victory that took place after the official end of the war, but was a morale boost for the US. Fact: The Battle of New Orleans is famous for being fought after the Treaty of Ghent had already been signed. Facts about Sir Isaac Brooks - "Push on, brave York Volunteers!" were Brooks last words. His parents were John and Susan Brooks. The person that shot Sir Isaac Brooks in the battle was called Roy Greenaway. Sir Isaac Brooks was born in Channel Island of Guernsey. Sir Isaac Brooks nickname was "The Hero of Upper Canada." He’s Buried in a Monument. He Had a Favorite Horse Named Alfred. Sir Isaac Brooks had a hand-drawn map he never showed to anyone. He once asked a fortuneteller if he’d be famous one day. The night before the Battle of Queenston Heights, Brock awoke in the middle of the night it was not from fear or from nerves. But it was because he heard a voice it was his own voice. “You’ve already done this.” So Brook got up, dressed and wrote a single word in his journal that was: “Echo.” The next morning, that page was gone. No one knows what happened to it. Facts About Tecumseh- Tecumseh (born-die 1768–1813) was a prominent Shawnee leader born in the Ohio Valley. He is celebrated for his efforts to unite various Indigenous nations into a confederacy to resist the encroachment of European settlers and to preserve Native American lands and cultures. Tecumseh was Raised by his sister after the death of his parents(Puckeshinwau and Methoataaskee), Tecumseh was trained in Shawnee traditions and became a skilled warrior. He emerged as a leader due to his oratory skills and vision for Indigenous unity. Formation of the Confederacy: In the early 1800s, Tecumseh and his brother, Tenskwatawa (the Prophet), established a settlement known as Prophetstown in Indiana. They aimed to unite various tribes to resist the influence of European settlers and to promote Indigenous sovereignty. People say that if Tecumseh wouldn't have died the Indigenous would have had been more successful in life. Before Tecumseh died at the Battle of the Thames in 1813, he buried something.
Not gold, Not weapons. But it was a message to the future.

During these years there was something horrible that the Americans did to people with colour on their skin. What they did was to make them their own slaves. Slaves are people who get kidnaped mostly, and they would be treated very badly, they had to work for the people that owned them. If the slaves did not listen to the Owner or are being slow, the Owners would give them beatings or hurt them and make them sufer a lot. The whip, often made of ox hide and painted in various colors, was a common tool of punishment. The branding of slaves for identification was also common during the colonial era, though by the nineteenth century, it was used primarily as punishment. Enslaved people were primarily Africans and African Americans and were treated as property that could be bought, sold, or given away. By 1720, around 65% of South Carolina's population were enslaved. Enslaved people were used extensively in agriculture, and planters held enslaved workers to cultivate these crops. Families were often split up by the sale of one or more members, usually never to see or hear of each other again. Diet for them is that enslaved people received a basic diet that was often inadequate, leading to malnutrition and health problems. The Medical Care was minimal and often provided by other enslaved people with traditional knowledge. Back to the Underground Railroad. The Underground Railroad was a secret network of abolitionists (people who wanted to abolish slavery). They helped African Americans escape from enslavement in the American South to free Northern states or to Canada. The Underground Railroad was the largest anti-slavery freedom movement in North America. It brought between 30,000 and 40,000 fugitives to Canada. The Underground Railroad was created in the early 19th century by a group of abolitionists based mainly in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Within a few decades, it had grown into a well-organized and dynamic network. The terms “passengers,” “cargo,” “package” and “freight” referred to escaped slaves. Passengers were delivered to “stations” or “depots,” which were safe houses. Stations were located in various cities and towns, known as “terminals.” These places of temporary refuge could sometimes be identified by lit candles in windows or by strategically placed lanterns in the front yard. Safe houses were operated by “station masters.” They took fugitives into their home and provided meals, a change of clothing, and a place to rest and hide. They often gave them money before sending them to the next transfer point. Black abolitionist William Still was in charge of a station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He assisted many freedom-seekers in their journey to Canada. He recorded the names of the men, women and children who stopped at his station, including Hariet Tubman and her passengers. Ticket agents coordinated safe trips and made travel arrangements for freedom-seekers by helping them to contact station masters or conductors. Ticket agents were sometimes people who travelled for a living, perhaps as circuit preachers or doctors. The journey was very dangerous. Many made the treacherous voyage by foot. Freedom seekers were also transported in wagons, carriages, on horses, and in some cases by train. But the Underground Railroad did not only operate over land. Passengers also travelled by boat across lakes, seas and rivers. They often travelled by night and rested during the day. Black people were active in fighting for racial equality. Their communities were centres for abolitionist activities. Closer to home, they made attacks against the prejudice and discrimination they encountered in their daily lives in Canada by finding gainful employment, securing housing, and obtaining an education for their children to stay smart and live well if they have freedom. Black persons were often relegated to certain jobs because of their skin colour. Many were denied the right to live in certain places due to their race, they got the worst places and the white people got the best places. The most important people in the Underground Railroad, including Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Levi Coffin, and William Still. William Still. All four of them were the creators of the Underground Railroad making them the most important people of the Underground Railroad- William Still was an African-American abolitionist, businessman, writer, historian, and civil rights activist who lived from October 7, 1821, to July 14, 1902. He was born in Burlington County, New Jersey, and was the youngest of eighteen children of former slaves. His father, Levin Steel, had purchased his freedom in 1798, and his mother, Sidney, had escaped slavery twice before successfully reuniting with her husband. Fun Fact: He used a sophisticated code system to communicate with other abolitionists and fugitive slaves. Levi Coffin- Levi Coffin Born 1798 died 1877 was a prominent Quaker abolitionist and a key figure in the Underground Railroad, often referred to as the "President of the Underground Railroad". He helped thousands of runaway slaves escape to freedom into free states, Province of Canada and Mexico, with his home in Indiana becoming a vital safe haven. Coffin's work extended beyond the Underground Railroad, including advocating for the welfare of people with freedom and promoting free-labor goods. Fun Fact: His home, the Levi Coffin House in Fountain City, Indiana, was so crucial to the Underground Railroad that it became known as "The Grand Central Station of the Underground Railroad". Frederick Douglass- Frederick Douglass was a prominent 19th-century African American abolitionist, author, orator, and statesman. He was born into slavery in Maryland but escaped it and became one of the national leaders in the abolitionist movement, famously known for his eloquent speeches and powerful writings, including three autobiographies he did about himself. He also advocated for women's rights and continued to fight for equality after the Civil War of America. Fun Fact: After escaping slavery, Douglass chose February 14th as his birthday, as he did not know the exact date of his birth. Harriet Tubman(The most important person of the Underground Railroad)- Harriet Tubman, born Araminta Ross around 1822, was an American abolitionist, humanitarian, and Union spy who became a symbol of freedom for Black people and resistance during the antebellum period and Civil War. She escaped slavery in Maryland to become one of the "conductors"(The most important/famous one) on the Underground Railroad, leading hundreds of enslaved people to freedom in the North and Canada, and later served the Union Army as a nurse, scout, and spy. Fun Fact: At the age of thirteen, she suffered a severe head injury when an overseer threw a two-pound weight at another slave, hitting her instead. Fun Facts: Some enslaved people escaped to Mexico or the Caribbean, not just to Canada or northern states. Historians estimate that between 40,000 and 100,000 enslaved people escaped using the Underground Railroad. Enslaved people used coded songs and messages to communicate with each other and to navigate the Underground Railroad.