1. What is marketing?
2. What are the components of marketing mix?
3.Whm marketing so important in international business?
4. Why a company need to do standardization and adaptation?
5. What is market segmentation and targeting?
6. Explain product's uniqueness and characteristics when competing in international business.
7. What pricing strategies suitable for international business?
8. Promotion can be into sales promotion, techniques and its effectiveness. Explain.
9. Place is related to international business environment which consists of politic, economic, social and culture. Explain. 

9) The political environment in international business consists of a set of political factors and government activities in a foreign market that can either facilitate or hinder a business' ability to conduct business activities in the foreign market. There is often a high degree of uncertainty when conducting business in a foreign country, and this risk is often referred to as political risk or sovereign risk.

The social environment consists of the sum total of a society's beliefs, customs, practices and behaviors. It is, to a large extent, an artificial construct that can be contrasted with the natural environment in which we live.

The international economic environment can be described as the global factors that are outside of the control of individual organizations but that can affect the way that businesses operate. These factors include unemployment rates, inflation rates, and labor costs.

Levels of culture:

It is dominant culture within the political boundaries of a country.

It also provides the guides for everyday business interactions.

It’s sister term is corporate culture refers to the philosophies, ideologies, values, assumptions, beliefs, expectations, attitudes and norms that knit an organization together and are shared by its employees

1. What is marketing?
Marketing refers to activities a company undertakes to promote the buying or selling of a product or service.

2. What are the components of marketing mix?
Price, Product, Promotion and Place

3.Why marketing so important in international business?
because it allows companies to increase the awareness of their brand around the world and increases their competitive advantage

4. Why a company need to do standardization and adaptation? 
—> it can reduce costs by enabling all hotels in a chain to take advantage of economies of scale and negotiate lower prices from suppliers.

5. What is market segmentation and targeting?
It refer to the process of identifying a firm's potential customers, choosing the customers to pursue, and create value for the targeted customers.

6. Explain product's uniqueness and characteristics when competing in international business.
1) Greater Variety of Goods Available for Consumption:

International trade brings in different varieties of a particular product from different destinations. This gives consumers a wider array of choices which will not only improve their quality of life but as a whole it will help the country grow.

2) Efficient Allocation and Better Utilization of Resources:

Efficient allocation and better utilization of resources since countries tend to produce goods in which they have a comparative advantage. When countries produce through comparative advantage, wasteful duplication of resources is prevented. It helps save the environment from harmful gases being leaked into the atmosphere and also provides countries with a better marketing power.

3) Promotes Efficiency in Production:

International trade promotes efficiency in production as countries will try to adopt better methods of production to keep costs down in order to remain competitive. Countries that can produce a product at me lowest possible cost will be able to gain larger share in the market.

Therefore an incentive to produce efficiently arises. This will help to increase the standards of the product and consumers will have a good quality product to consume.

7. What pricing strategies suitable for international business?
Is the company entering a new market and hoping to attract customers’ attention and gain acceptance? If so, it should probably charge a low introductory price.


8. Promotion can be into sales promotion, techniques and its effectiveness. Explain.
 For consumers, sales promotion provides a direct and often rational motivation to purchase the product or service being promoted.

9. .Place is related to international business environment which consists of politic, economic, social and culture Explain.

1 Political environment

It refers to the influence of the system of government and judiciary in a nation on international business. The type and structure of government prevailing in a country decides, promotes, fosters, encourages, shelters, directs, and controls the business of that country.

 transactions that are made between countries. Among the items commonly traded are consumer goods, such as television sets and clothing; capital goods, such as machinery; and raw materials and food.
Social
Trade barriers such as tariffs raise prices and reduce available quantities of goods and services businesses and consumers, which results in lower income, reduced employment, and lower economic output.
Levels of culture:

1. National culture:

It is dominant culture within the political boundaries of a country.

2. Business culture:

It also provides the guides for everyday business interactions.

3. Occupational and organizational cultures:

It’s sister term is corporate culture refers to the philosophies, ideologies, values, assumptions, beliefs, expectations, attitudes and norms that knit an organization together and are shared by its employees

ii. Consumers can be put into segments based on location, lifestyle, and demographics.

iii. Another way to segment consumers is by asking the who, what, and why question.

iv. Segmentation and targeting influence a company’s strategy for pricing, communication, and customer management.

6) when competing product in global market, its product must be uniqueness and different with other products.
i.Product differentiation focuses on the consumers' attention on one or more key benefits of a brand that make it better than other choices.

 ii. Differentiation may be reflected in the name, packaging, and promotion of a product.

 iii. A product differentiation strategy should demonstrate that a product can do everything the competing choices can but has additional benefits no one else offers.

7) The penetration strategy aims to capture market share by initially offering customers a low price. The company foresees that larger market share will enable it to achieve greater economies of scale. This means that its costs of production will come down, thereby opening up the margin for profit.

The target market becomes familiar with the product, accepts it, and ultimately comes to rely on it. In addition, as marginal competitors are forced out because they cannot match the low price, the original producer faces less competition. Then the company can slowly increase price and generate higher profits over time.

8) Push strategy also can be classified in sales marketing where push strategy refers to promotions one to one between seller and buyer. 

A push marketing strategy, also called a push promotional strategy, refers to a strategy in which a firm attempts to take (“push”) its products to consumers. In a push marketing strategy, the goal is to use various active marketing techniques to “push” their products to be seen by consumers starting at the point of purchase. Push marketing strategies are usually used to gain product exposure. Once a product becomes established in the market, a pull marketing strategy is used.

9) World of politics 

It alludes to the impact of the arrangement of government and legal executive in a country on global business. The sort and structure of government winning in a nation chooses, advances, cultivates, energizes, shields, coordinates, and controls the matter of that nation. 

Social 

Exchange boundaries, for example, levies raise costs and decrease accessible amounts of products and enterprises organizations and shoppers, which brings about lower salary, diminished work, and lower financial yield. 

Levels of culture: 

a.National culture: 

It is predominant culture inside the political limits of a nation. 

b. Business culture: 

It likewise gives the advisers for ordinary business communications. 

c. Word related and hierarchical societies: 

It's sister term is corporate culture alludes to the methods of reasoning, philosophies, values, presumptions, convictions, desires, mentalities and standards that sew an association together and are shared by its workers

 

7.. 
-Cost plus pricing—simply calculating your costs and adding a mark-up
-Competitive pricing—setting a price based on what the competition charges
-Value-based pricing—setting a price based on how much the customer believes what you’re selling is worth
-Price skimming—setting a high price and lowering it as the market evolves
-Penetration pricing—setting a low price to enter a competitive market and raising it later

8.. -Sales promotion refers to the activities which supplement and co-ordinate personal selling and advertising to attract customers to buy a product.
-Sales promotion methods include displays, demonstrations, expositions, exhibitions and other non-recurrent selling efforts which aim at impelling spot buying action by prospective customers.
-Sales promotion, as part of the total distribution system, plays a vital role in inducing the consumer to buy your product. Sales promotion covers so many activities that it is difficult to define it precisely.

-According to Philip Kotler – “Sales promotion consists of a diverse collection of incentive tools, mostly short-term, designed to stimulate quicker and/or greater purchase of particular product/services by consumers or the trade.”
-Sales promotion devices can include premiums, coupons, contests temporary price reduction, free goods, letters to trade, literature, educational material, displays and trade shows.
-Sales promotion takes into consideration the communication gaps that always exist between the producer and the consumer. Sales Promotion should therefore be closely coordinated with advertising and personal selling.

9..
Economic Environment
The economic environment may be very different from one country to the next. The economy of countries may be industrialized (developed), emerging (newly industrializing), or less developed (third world). Further, within each of these economies are a vast array of variations, which have a major effect on everything from education and infrastructure to technology and healthcare.
A nation’s economic structure as a free market, centrally planned market, or mixed market also plays a distinct role in the ease at which international business efforts can take place. For example, free market economies allow international business activities to take place with little interference. On the opposite end of the spectrum, centrally planned economies are government-controlled. Although most countries now function as free-market economies, China—the world’s most populous country—remains a centrally planned economy.

Political Environment
The political environment of international business refers to the relationship between government and business, as well as the political risk of a nation. Therefore, companies involved in international business must expect to deal with different types of governments, such as multi-party democracies, one-party states, dictatorships, and constitutional monarchies.
Some governments may view foreign businesses as positive, while other governments may view them as exploitative. Because international companies rely on the goodwill of the government, international business must take the political structure of the foreign government into consideration.
International firms must also consider the degree of political risk in a foreign location; in other words, the likelihood of major governmental changes taking place. Just a few of the issues of unstable governments that international companies must consider include riots, revolutions, war, and terrorism.

Cultural Environment
The cultural environment of a foreign nation remains a critical component of the international business environment, yet it is one of the most difficult to understand. The cultural environment of a foreign nation involves commonly shared beliefs and values, formed by factors such as language, religion, geographic location, government, history, and education.
It is common for many international firms to conduct a cultural analysis of a foreign nation as to better understand these factors and how they affect international business efforts.

MDB 18-06-038

1) Marketing is  is the process of communicating the value of a product or service to customers, for the purpose of selling the product or service. Marketing is the link between a society’s material requirements and its economic patterns of response.

2) Components of  marketing mix.
-Price
-Product
-Place
-Promotion

3) Importance of International Marketing.
* Importance to expand target market.
* Important to boost brand reputation.
* Importance to connect the business with the world.

4) Standardization - Economies of scale are achieved by the firm.
Adaption -  To offer a wide range of models in accordance to the needs of various country segments.

5) Market segmentation means  taking a large pool of consumers and splitting them into distinct groups based on their age, gender, location, personality, income, lifestyle or other factors. 
After you have the segmentation data, you have to decide which segments to target. It's better to be more specific than less.

6) Identifying and communicating the unique qualities of a company's offerings while highlighting the distinct differences between those offerings and others on the market.

7) PRICING STRATEGIES:
- Cost-plus pricing.
- Competitive pricing.
- Value-based pricing.
- Price skimming.
- Penetration pricing.

8) Sales promotion is the process of persuading a potential customer to buy the product. Sales promotion is designed to be used as a short-term tactic to boost sales.

9) The political environment in international business consists of a set of political factors and government activities in a foreign market that can either facilitate or hinder a business' ability to conduct business activities in the foreign market. There is often a high degree of uncertainty when conducting business in a foreign country, and this risk is often referred to as political risk or sovereign risk.

The social environment consists of the sum total of a society's beliefs, customs, practices and behaviors. It is, to a large extent, an artificial construct that can be contrasted with the natural environment in which we live.

The international economic environment can be described as the global factors that are outside of the control of individual organizations but that can affect the way that businesses operate. These factors include unemployment rates, inflation rates, and labor costs.

Levels of culture:

It is dominant culture within the political boundaries of a country.

It also provides the guides for everyday business interactions.

It’s sister term is corporate culture refers to the philosophies, ideologies, values, assumptions, beliefs, expectations, attitudes and norms that knit an organization together and are shared by its employees

- to increase product quality by eliminating defective products from both the supply chain and the manufacturing process.

ii) Better quality control helps firms reduce costs because time is not wasted manufacturing poor quality products that cannot be sold, re-work and scrap costs are lower, warranty costs and the time used too fix defective products are lower.

10) Two basic strategies for locating production facilities : 

i) Concentrating then in a centralized location & serving the world market from there. 
- It is differences between countries in factor costs, political economy and culture have a substantial impact on the costs of manufacturing in various country. It has low trade barriers. 
ii) Decentralizing them in various regional or national locations that are close to major markets. 
- It is differences between countries in factor costs, political economy & culture do not have a substancial impact on the costs of manufacturing in various country. It has higher trade barriers. 

11) A make-or-buy decision is an act of choosing between manufacturing a product in-house or purchasing it from an external supplier. Also referred to as an outsourcing decision, a make-or-buy decision compares the costs & benefits associated with producing a necessary good or service internally to the costs & benefits involved in hiring an outside supplier for the resources in question. To compare costs accurately, a company must consider all aspects regarding the acquisition and storage of the items versus creating the items in-house. 

12) Growth in the Economy : 
 - Unemployment 
 - Interest Rates
 - Customer Trust
 - Mortgage Availability 
 - Offering 
 - Effectiveness / House Income Rates
 - Home Sales Economy Mirror 
 - Sales of Household Cash Supply 
 - Closing Reflects a Market Crash 
 - Home Sales Financial Slowdown 

13) Cost Savings 
- Pricing 
- The Resources & Technology 
- The Ability To Meet Deadlines 
- Minimal Supervision 
- Limits The Liabilities 
- Trustworthiness 
- Who’ll Lead The Team 
- The Service Level Agreement 
- Communication 

9. i) to lower costs

- to increase product quality by eliminating defective products from both the supply chain and the manufacturing process.

ii) Better quality control helps firms reduce costs because time is not wasted manufacturing poor quality products that cannot be sold, re-work and scrap costs are lower, warranty costs and the time used too fix defective products are lower.

10. concentrating them in the optimal location and serving the world market from there. Decentralizing them in various regional or national locations that are close to major markets
11. The make-or-buy decision is the act of making a strategic choice between producing an item internally (in-house) or buying it externally (from an outside supplier). The buy side of the decision also is referred to as outsourcing. Make-or-buy decisions usually arise when a firm that has developed a product or part—or significantly modified a product or part—is having trouble with current suppliers, or has diminishing capacity or changing demand.
12.
- Growth in the Economy
- Unemployment
- Interest Rates
- Customer Trust
- Mortgage Availability
- Offering
- Effectiveness/House Income Rates
- Home Sales Economy Mirror
- Sales of Household Cash Supply
- Closing Reflects a Market Crash
- Home Sales Financial Slowdown
13.
-Cost Savings
- Pricing
- The Resources and Technology
- The Ability To Meet Deadlines
- Minimal Supervision
- Limit The Liabilities
- Trustworthiness
- Who’ll Lead The Team
- The Service Level Agreement
- Communication

1.Planning

2.Sourcing

3.Making

4.Delivering

5.Returning

6.Enabling
 
6. The main goal of supply chain management involves management of a wide range of components and processes, such as storage of raw materials, managing the inventory, warehousing, and movement of finished goods from the point of manufacture to the point of consumption. In economic terms, it can be referred to as the design, planning, management, and execution of supply chain activities from the point of production to the point of sale.

7. A Global Manufacturer is a company that manufactures components, sub-assemblies, assemblies, and finished products for another company by leveraging raw material, manufacturing capabilities, cost, and an efficient supply chain that spans across the world.We define Global Manufacturing at manufacturing in lower cost parts of the world to Western Quality Standards.  We achieve that success by having ‘boots on the ground.’ 
Meanwhile, materials management is a core supply chain function and includes supply chain planning and supply chain execution capabilities. Specifically, materials management is the capability firms use to plan total material requirements. The material requirements are communicated to procurement and other functions for sourcing. Materials management is also responsible for determining the amount of material to be deployed at each stocking location across the supply chain, establishing material replenishment plans, determining inventory levels to hold for each type of inventory (raw material, WIP, Finished Goods), and communicating information regarding material needs throughout the extended supply chain.

8.
9.  Two types of product
       1) Product’s values-to-weight ratio
           - Its influence on transportation costs.
       2) Product’s low value-to-weight ratios
           - Influence locations decision is whether the product serves universal needs.

10. 1) Concentrating them in the optimal location and serving       the world market from there.
        2) Decentralizing them in various regional or national locations that are close to major market.

11. The make-or-buy decision is the act of making a strategic choice between producing an item internally (in-house) or buying it externally (from an outside supplier). The buy side of the decision also is referred to as outsourcing. Make-or-buy decisions usually arise when a firm that has developed a product or part—or significantly modified a product or part—is having trouble with current suppliers, or has diminishing capacity or changing demand. Make-or-buy analysis is conducted at the strategic and operational level. Obviously, the strategic level is the more long-range of the two. Variables considered at the strategic level include analysis of the future, as well as the current environment. Issues like government regulation, competing firms, and market trends all have a strategic impact on the make-or-buy decision. Of course, firms should make items that reinforce or are in-line with their core competencies. These are areas in which the firm is strongest and which give the firm a competitive advantage. 

12. - Growth in the economy
       - Unemployment
       - Interest Rates
       - Customer trust
       - Mortgage Availability
       - Offering
       - Effectiveness/House income rates
       - Home Sales Economy Mirror
       - Sales of Household Cash Supply
       - Closing Reflects a Market Crash
       - Home Sales Financial Slowdown

13.  - Lack of expertise

        - Suppliers' research and specialized know-how exceeds         that of the buyer.

        - Cost considerations (less expensive to buy the item)

Small-volume requirements.

        - Limited production facilities or insufficient capacity

        - Desire to maintain a multiple-source policy

        - Indirect managerial control considerations

        - Procurement and inventory considerations

        - Brand preference

        - Item not essential to the firm's strategy

 

2. Material management is an approach for planning, organizing, and controlling all those activities principally concerned with the flow of materials into an organisation.

 

3.

 

4. Production is a process of combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs (plans, know-how) in order to make something for consumption (output). It is the act of creating an output, a good or service which has value and contributes to the utility of individuals.

 

5. The process of obtaining and managing of products or services needed to operate a business or other type of organization. Elements of supply management include the actual products, information, budgets, and employees.

 

 

6. Production function refers to the functional relationship between the quantity of a good produced (output) and factors of production (inputs). It shows the flow of inputs resulting into a flow of output during some time. The production function of a firm depends on the state of technology. The main goal of supply chain management involves management of a wide range of components and processes, such as storage of raw materials, managing the inventory, warehousing, and movement of finished goods from the point of manufacture to the point of consumption.


7.  A strategic decision, because it is concerned with the whole environment in which the firm operates and it involves the entire resources and the people who form the company and the interface between the two. Like any other strategic decision, facility location has long term effects on company’s operation; therefore, a lot of research needs to be carried out in order to collect enough information to make an informed decision.


8. 

9.

10. 
-Concentrating them in the optimal  location and serving the world 

market from there.

-Decentralizing them in various 

regional or national locations that are close to major markets.

 

11. Make-or-buy decisions 

(decisions about whether to perform a certain value 

creation activity in-house or outsource it to another firm) are important to a firm’s manufacturing strategy.

12. 
-Growth in the economy.
-Unemployment
-Interest rate
-Customer trust
-Mortgage availability
-Offering
-Effectiveness


13.
-Cost savings
-Pricing
_Minimal supervision
-Communication

Main objective of supply chain management are to improve the overall organizational performance and customer satisfaction by improving product and service delivery to customers.
7. Explain country factors for global manufacturing and materials management.
A Global Manufacturer is a company that manufactures components, sub-assemblies, assemblies, and finished products for another company by leveraging raw material, manufacturing capabilities, cost, and an efficient supply chain that spans across the world.We define Global Manufacturing at manufacturing in lower cost parts of the world to Western Quality Standards.  We achieve that success by having ‘boots on the ground.’ Meanwhile, materials management is a core supply chain function and includes supply chain planning and supply chain execution capabilities. Specifically, materials management is the capability firms use to plan total material requirements. The material requirements are communicated to procurement and other functions for sourcing. Materials management is also responsible for determining the amount of material to be deployed at each stocking location across the supply chain, establishing material replenishment plans, determining inventory levels to hold for each type of inventory (raw material, WIP, Finished Goods), and communicating information regarding material needs throughout the extended supply chain.
8. Discuss Technological factors for global manufacturing and material management.
Fixed cost
-Setting up a manufacturing plant are so high that a firm must serve the world market from a single location or from very few locations.

9. List and further explain the product factors for global manufacturing and materials management. 
Product’s value-to-weight ratio are Its influence on transportation costs.
Product’s low value-to-weight ratios are influence locations decisions is whether the product serves universal needs.

10. Explain two basic strategies for locating production facilities.
-concentrating them in the optimal location and serving the world market from there

-decentralizing them in various regional or national locations that are close to major 

markets

11. Describe in details MAKE -or- BUY DECISIONS. 
A make-or-buy decision is an act of choosing between manufacturing a product in-house or purchasing it from an external supplier and also referred to as an outsourcing decision, a make-or-buy decision compares the costs and benefits associated with producing a necessary good or service internally to the costs and benefits involved in hiring an outside supplier for the resources in question.

12. What are the factors affecting a firm to do a  part in-house?
1. Growth in the Economy
2. Unemployment
3. Interest Rates
13. What are the factors affecting a firm to buy a part externally (outsourcing).
•Lack of expertise
•Suppliers' research and specialized know-how exceeds that of the buyer
cost considerations (less expensive to buy the item)
•Small-volume requirements
•Limited production facilities or insufficient capacity
•Desire to maintain a multiple-source policy.

MDB 18-06-027

1.    What is Global manufacturing?

A company that manufactures components, sub-assemblies, assemblies, and finished products for another company by leveraging raw material, manufacturing capabilities, cost, and an efficient supply chain that spans across the world.

2.    What is Materials management?

The process by which an organization is supplied with good and services that it needs to achieve its objective of buying, storage and movement of materials.

 3. Should a company operate its production in single country or dispersed around the world? 

Why or Why not? The company should expand it around world because the firm can better accommodate demands for local responsiveness.

 4. Define production.

Refer as manufacturing or operations when discussed in relation global supply chain and it is concerned with creation of a good or services.

 5. Explain supply chain management.

The integration and coordination of logistics, purchasing operations, and market channel activities from raw material to the end-customer.

 6. What are the functions and objectives of production and supply chain management? explain.

Objectives

A firm’s ability to perform its production activities efficiently depends on a continuous supply of high quality material and information inputs.

Functions

Purchasing – represent the part of supply chain that involves worldwide buying of raw material, component parts and products used I manufacturing of the company’s product and services.

Logistics- part of supply chain that plans, implements and controls the effective flows and inventory of raw material, component parts, and product used in manufacturing.

 7. Explain country factors for global manufacturing and materials management.

Political economy, and national culture influence the benefits, cots, and risks of doing business in a country. A firm should locate its various manufacturing activities where the economic, political and cultural conditions, including relative factor cost are conductive to the performance of those activities. Then, some industries are the presence of global concentration of activities at certain location. Next, must expected future movements in its exchange rate. Last, formal and informal trade barriers.

 8. Discuss Technological factors for global manufacturing and material management.

Fixed cost

- Setting up a manufacturing plant are so high that a firm must serve the world market from a single location or from very few locations.

Minimum efficient scale

- The concept of economies of scales tells us that as plant output expands, unit costs decrease.

Flexible manufacturing and mass customization

- Covers a range of manufacturing technologies that are designed to reduce setup times for complex equipment.

 9. List and further explain the product factors for global manufacturing and materials management. 

Two types product:

Product’s value-to-weight ratio 

– Its influence on transportation costs.

Product’s low value-to-weight ratios 

–influence locations decisions is whether the product serves universal needs.

 10. Explain two basic strategies for locating production facilities.

Concentrating then in a centralized location and serving the world market from there.

-It is differences between countries in factor costs, political economy and culture have a substantial impact on the costs of manufacturing in various country. It has low trade barriers.

Decentralizing them in various regional or national locations that are close to major markets.

- It is differences between countries in factor costs, political economy and culture do not have a substantial impact on the costs of manufacturing in various country. It has higher trade barriers.

 11. Describe in details MAKE -or- BUY DECISIONS. 

The action of deciding between manufacturing an item internally (or in house) or buying it from an external supplier (known as outsourcing). Such decisions are typically taken when a firm that has manufactured a part or product, or else considerably modified it, is having issues with current suppliers or has reducing capacity or varying demand.

 12. What are the factors affecting a firm to do a part in-house?

-Cost consideration which less expensive to make the part.

-better quality control

-desire to integrate plant operations

-control of lead time, transportation and warehousing costs.

 13. What are the factors affecting a firm to buy a part externally (outsourcing).

-lack of expertise

-small-volume requirement

- indirect managerial control considerations

-brand preferences

 

2. Materials management as a definition is the process which integrates the flow of supplies into, through and out of an organization to achieve a level of service which ensures that the right materials are available at the right place at the time in the right quantity and quality and at the right cost.

3. The company should not only operate its production in a single country because there are many benefits of entering international markets including generating more revenue, competing for new sales, investment opportunities, diversifying, reducing costs and recruiting new talent.

4. Production is a process of combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs (plans, know-how) in order to make something for consumption (output). It is the act of creating an output, a good or service which has value and contributes to the utility of individuals.

5. Supply chain management is the management of the flow of goods and services and includes all processes that transform raw materials into final products. It involves the active streamlining of a business's supply-side activities to maximize customer value and gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Examples of supply chain activities include farming, refining, design, manufacturing, packaging, and transportation.

6. A. Purchasing

This is the first function of supply chain management. It pertains to procuring raw materials and other resources that are required to manufacture the goods. It requires coordination with suppliers to deliver the materials without any delays.

 

B. Operations

The operation team engages in demand planning and forecasting. Before giving raw material purchase order, the organization has to anticipate the possible market demand and number of units it needs to produce. 

 

C. Logistics

This function of supply chain management requires immense coordination. The manufacturing of products has commenced. It needs space for storage until it is shipped for delivery. This calls for making local warehouse arrangements. There will also be a need for outstation warehouses. Logistics ensures that products reach the end-point delivery without any glitches.

 

D. Resource Management

Any production consumes raw materials, technology, time and labour. However, all the processes need to be efficient and effective. This phase is taken care of by the resource management function team.

 

E. Information Workflow

Information sharing and distribution is what really keeps all other functions of supply chain management on track. If the information workflow and communication are poor, it could break apart the entire chain and lead to mismanagement.

 7. Manufacturing should be located where economic, political, and cultural conditions are most helpful to the performance of that activities that create a global web of activities and global concentrations of activities at certain locations.

 8.  Technological factors for global manufacturing:
a) The level of fixed costs

◦ if fixed costs are high, produce in a single location or a few locations

◦ when fixed costs are low, multiple production plants may be possible

allows firms to respond to local demands

b) The minimum efficient scale

◦ the level of output at which most plant-level scale economies are exhausted

when minimum efficient scale is high, choose centralized production in

a single location or a limited number of locations

when minimum efficient scale is low, respond to local market demands

and hedge against currency risk by operating in multiple locations.

 9.  Product factors for global manufacturing:
a) The product's value-to-weight ratio

◦ if the value-to-weight ratio is high, produce the product in a single location

and export to other parts of the world

◦ if the value-to-weight rao is low, there is greater pressure to manufacture

the product in multiple locations across the world

b) Whether the product serves universal needs

◦ when products serve universal needs, the need for local responsiveness falls, and concentrate manufacturing in a central location makes sense

 
10. There are two basic strategies for locating manufacturing facilities

11. The make or buy decision analysis is an evaluation of manufacturing something in-house versus buying that product from another seller. In other words, it is when a business weighs the pros and cons of making or doing something within the business using company resources or outsourcing that part of production or business function to an outside party.

12. Factors affecting a firm to do a-part-in-house in production management is growth in economy which are unemployment, interest rate, mortgage availability, offering, customer trust .

13. Factors affecting a firm to buy a part externally:

Main objective of supply chain management are to improve the overall organizational performance and customer satisfaction by improving product and service delivery to customers.
7. Explain country factors for global manufacturing and materials management.
A Global Manufacturer is a company that manufactures components, sub-assemblies, assemblies, and finished products for another company by leveraging raw material, manufacturing capabilities, cost, and an efficient supply chain that spans across the world.We define Global Manufacturing at manufacturing in lower cost parts of the world to Western Quality Standards.  We achieve that success by having ‘boots on the ground.’ Meanwhile, materials management is a core supply chain function and includes supply chain planning and supply chain execution capabilities. Specifically, materials management is the capability firms use to plan total material requirements. The material requirements are communicated to procurement and other functions for sourcing. Materials management is also responsible for determining the amount of material to be deployed at each stocking location across the supply chain, establishing material replenishment plans, determining inventory levels to hold for each type of inventory (raw material, WIP, Finished Goods), and communicating information regarding material needs throughout the extended supply chain.

8. Discuss Technological factors for global manufacturing and material management.
Fixed cost

- Setting up a manufacturing plant are so high that a firm must serve the world market from a single location or from very few locations.

9. List and further explain the product factors for global manufacturing and materials management. 
Product’s value-to-weight ratio are Its influence on transportation costs.
Product’s low value-to-weight ratios are influence locations decisions is whether the product serves universal needs.

10. Explain two basic strategies for locating production facilities.
-concentrating them in the optimal location and serving the world market from there

-decentralizing them in various regional or national locations that are close to major 

markets

11. Describe in details MAKE -or- BUY DECISIONS. 
A make-or-buy decision is an act of choosing between manufacturing a product in-house or purchasing it from an external supplier and also referred to as an outsourcing decision, a make-or-buy decision compares the costs and benefits associated with producing a necessary good or service internally to the costs and benefits involved in hiring an outside supplier for the resources in question.

12. What are the factors affecting a firm to do a  part in-house?
1. Growth in the Economy
2. Unemployment
3. Interest Rates
13. What are the factors affecting a firm to buy a part externally (outsourcing).
•Lack of expertise
•Suppliers' research and specialized know-how exceeds that of the buyer
cost considerations (less expensive to buy the item)
•Small-volume requirements
•Limited production facilities or insufficient capacity
•Desire to maintain a multiple-source policy

1.Planning

2.Sourcing

3.Making

4.Delivering

5.Returning

6.Enabling
 
6. The main goal of supply chain management involves management of a wide range of components and processes, such as storage of raw materials, managing the inventory, warehousing, and movement of finished goods from the point of manufacture to the point of consumption. In economic terms, it can be referred to as the design, planning, management, and execution of supply chain activities from the point of production to the point of sale.

7. A Global Manufacturer is a company that manufactures components, sub-assemblies, assemblies, and finished products for another company by leveraging raw material, manufacturing capabilities, cost, and an efficient supply chain that spans across the world.We define Global Manufacturing at manufacturing in lower cost parts of the world to Western Quality Standards.  We achieve that success by having ‘boots on the ground.’ 
Meanwhile, materials management is a core supply chain function and includes supply chain planning and supply chain execution capabilities. Specifically, materials management is the capability firms use to plan total material requirements. The material requirements are communicated to procurement and other functions for sourcing. Materials management is also responsible for determining the amount of material to be deployed at each stocking location across the supply chain, establishing material replenishment plans, determining inventory levels to hold for each type of inventory (raw material, WIP, Finished Goods), and communicating information regarding material needs throughout the extended supply chain.

8.
9.  Two types of product
       1) Product’s values-to-weight ratio
           - Its influence on transportation costs.
       2) Product’s low value-to-weight ratios
           - Influence locations decision is whether the product serves universal needs.

10. 1) Concentrating them in the optimal location and serving       the world market from there.
        2) Decentralizing them in various regional or national locations that are close to major market.

11. The make-or-buy decision is the act of making a strategic choice between producing an item internally (in-house) or buying it externally (from an outside supplier). The buy side of the decision also is referred to as outsourcing. Make-or-buy decisions usually arise when a firm that has developed a product or part—or significantly modified a product or part—is having trouble with current suppliers, or has diminishing capacity or changing demand. Make-or-buy analysis is conducted at the strategic and operational level. Obviously, the strategic level is the more long-range of the two. Variables considered at the strategic level include analysis of the future, as well as the current environment. Issues like government regulation, competing firms, and market trends all have a strategic impact on the make-or-buy decision. Of course, firms should make items that reinforce or are in-line with their core competencies. These are areas in which the firm is strongest and which give the firm a competitive advantage. 

12. - Growth in the economy
       - Unemployment
       - Interest Rates
       - Customer trust
       - Mortgage Availability
       - Offering
       - Effectiveness/House income rates
       - Home Sales Economy Mirror
       - Sales of Household Cash Supply
       - Closing Reflects a Market Crash
       - Home Sales Financial Slowdown

13.  - Lack of expertise

        - Suppliers' research and specialized know-how exceeds         that of the buyer.

        - Cost considerations (less expensive to buy the item)

Small-volume requirements.

        - Limited production facilities or insufficient capacity

        - Desire to maintain a multiple-source policy

        - Indirect managerial control considerations

        - Procurement and inventory considerations 
        - Brand preferences