Her miraculous pregnancy embarrassed Coatlicue's other children, including her eldest daughter, Coyolxauhqui. Hearing of her pregnancy, the Centzon Huitznahuas, led by Coyolxauhqui, decided to kill Coatlicue. As they prepared for battle and gathered at the base of Coatepec, one of the Centzon Huitznahuas, Quauitlicac, warned Huitzilophochtli of the attack while he was in utero. Hearing of the attack, the pregnant Cōātlīcue miraculously gave birth to a fully grown and armed Huitzilopochtli who sprang from her womb.

Huitzilopochtli killed Coyolxāuhqui, beheading her and throwing her body down the side of Coatepec: "He pierced Coyolxauhqui, and then quickly struck off her head. It stopped there at the edge of Coatepetl. And her body came falling below; it fell breaking to pieces; in various places her arms, her legs, her body each fell." 

Some authors have written that Huitzilopochtli tossed Coyolxauhqui's head into the sky where it became the Moon, so that his mother would be comforted in seeing her daughter in the sky every night, and that her scattered brothers became the Southern Star deities.

3. My thoughts
When the moon goddess came out after capturing the ppt screen, I thought of a beautiful goddess under the soft moonlight. But i felt touching and sort of saddness to see the story of her death and her mother's love.

The reason why I wanted to visit Templo Mayor and Teotihuacan was to feel the ancient civilization. At templo mayor, I looked back and remembered the past glory of tenochititlan that I had learned in class. I read some descripstions over there and some guy toured me. It was informative. At Teotihuacan, i was little bit disappointed that I couldn't go up because of the corona virus (I'm not sure). However, I found the ancient pyramids towering on a large ground very tall and wonderful.

At its peak, it was the largest city in the pre-Columbian Americas. It subsequently became a cabecera of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Today, the ruins of Tenochtitlan are in the historic center of the Mexican capital. The World Heritage Site of Xochimilco contains what remains of the geography of the Mexica capital. Tenochtitlan was one of two Mexica āltepētl on the island, the other being Tlatelolco. The city is located in modern-day Mexico City.

The city was divided into four zones, or camps; each camp was divided into 20 districts; and each calpulli, or 'big house', was crossed by streets or tlaxilcalli. There were three main streets that crossed the city, each leading to one of the three causeways to the mainland of Tepeyac, Iztapalapa, and Tlacopan. 

2. My thoughts
As climate change occurred and the glaciers and snow accumulated in the highlands melted to create a lake, people gathered around the lake to live and farm. Aztecs who came to this area at the end of the 13th century reclaimed the lake to create an artificial island, and on top of that, Tenochtitlan was built. It was built on a lake, so the ground is weak and vulnerable to earthquakes. When I went to Mexico City, I never felt that it was a city built on a city. Even after seeing the leaning building in the Cathedral of Guadalupe, I realized it only later. It is amazing how ancient cities were built on lakes.

Jewels, gems, precious metals, sea shells, bones and feathers. Construction materials, petates (tatami). Birds, dogs, rabbits. Medicine and ointments. Textiles, ceramic, leather, pigments, obsidian blades, cotton. Fruits, corn and vegetables, tortillas, cakes and empanadas.
(Source: ppt from the class)

2. Where was an important trading center?
Teotihuacan was an important market center and trading power because its rulers controlled access to two of the largest sources of obsidian—a natural glass formed by the cooling of volcanic lava. Since metal-working was rare in Mesoamerica, obsidian was the best option for weapons and other sharp tools. Like iron and copper in Afro-Eurasia, Mesoamerican societies that had reliable access to obsidian had a distinct advantage.

The rulers of Teotihuacan monopolized the region's obsidian, and merchants from Teotihuacan traveled across Mesoamerica and beyond, trading obsidian and bringing back luxury goods. Archeological evidence suggests that Teotihuacan's trade networks reached from today's Southwestern U.S. to Panama. However, its strongest trade was with the Maya city-states (now Mexico). Teotihuacan and the Maya exchanged goods, ideas, and people in times of war and peace. Maya merchants traveled the coast in huge canoes, carrying jade, cacao, honey, and feathers, among other luxury items.

3. What sort of goods traveled across long-distance routes in the Americas?

Long-distance trade was limited to lighter, high-value luxury goods that were easy for merchants to carry. But staples like salt, grains, cotton, lime, and ceramics moved shorter distances along the same routes. Short-distance trade moved food between different climate zones, helping protect societies from sudden natural disasters like drought. These shorter trade routes probably developed first and laid the foundations for truly long-distance networks during the Classic Period.

4. How were the aztec merchants?
Not much is known about the Mayan merchants. They are depicted in lavish clothing on several ceramic artifacts, suggesting that at least some of them were members of an elite class. During the Spanish Contact, Mayan nobles are known to have been actively involved in long-distance trade. Most of the merchants, however, were middle-class, and the vast majority of them concentrated on regional and local trade activities. Importing or selling goods from afar was permitted only to high-ranking nobles. It was considered almost as dangerous for merchants to move around other cities with goods, so the guardian deities of the merchants at the time were two gods of the underworld carrying bags. When merchants went on a trip, they painted their bodies black to make them inconspicuous, and they wore heavy weapons.

The belief is that he was a man of great intelligence who elaborated a philosophical theory on the problems of the world. No reliable documentation exists that would allow us to follow his thinking accurately. As a figure of both legend and fantasy, he is one of the most famous people of ancient Mexico.

2. My thoughts
Unlike many of his contemporaries, he was an innovator and his style came to be copied by many other poets who followed. The flower songs all have a particular cadence and were intended to be recited or sung along with the beat of a drum and were meditations on universal concerns such as life and death and their meaning. 

-My thoughts :

Cortés used Malinche as an interpreter, an instrument of conquest. Malinche not only translated Nahuatl into Spanish, but also provided Cortés with information about indigenous society. So, unlike other Indians, Malinche could not have the opportunity to acquire and consolidate the national identity so sharply. When Cortés arrived in Mexico, she was going through a harsh and hostile situation as a slave. Malinche understood that the role of interpreter for Cortés would serve as an opportunity to improve her destiny; Therefore, she tried to live actively by playing her role with all her efforts. Now Malinche must be interpreted as a historical character instead of a mythical one, and recognized as an indigenous woman who lived with great force during a complex period.

Virgen de Guadalupe has also been a national symbol of Mexico since the Mexican War of Independence. The troops, led by Miguel Hidalgo and Emiliano Zapata, carried flags with Virgen de Guadalupe at the fore whenever they moved, and the Virgin of Guadalupe was generally recognized as a symbol of all Mexicans. 

Virgen de Guadalupe has been a national symbol of the Mexican people since the Mexican War of Independence. The Independence Army always gathered under the flag of Virgen de Guadalupe to wage war, and eventually became recognized as the symbol of all Mexicans.

The first to use Virgen de Guadalupe as a major national symbol was Miguel Sanchez, who was the first author to describe the apparitions in Spanish. Sanchez identified Virgen de Guadalupe with the woman of the apocalypse in the Book of Revelation. In 1810, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla said, “Virgen de Guadalupe, live forever! Death to bad government and Gachufines!” and the Grito de Dolores cry, which was caused by the shouts, started the fight for Mexico's independence. When Hidalgo's Indigenous forces attacked Guanajuato and Valladolid, they placed a painting of Virgen de Guadalupe on colored sticks and reed instruments as an emblem of their cause. And they all wore hats with a picture of Virgen de Guadalupe.

3. My thoughts
Although this essay deals with the influence and importance of Virgen de Guadalupe in Mexico, while writing this essay, I learned many surprising things about Virgen de Guadalupe. The brown Virgin Mary, the blue cloak, and many elements that could not be explained by the technology and science of the time were amazing. I also learned the marvelous meaning of the painting, which allowed him to understand more deeply about Mexican culture. :0 !!

After the triumph of the Maderista Revolution, Hermila Galindo moved to Mexico City, where she worked as a stenographer with General Eduardo Hay and, at the same time, she worked as a teacher at the National Boarding School for Preparatory and Mercantile Studies. She joined the Abraham González Club, in which she was designated as a speaker to welcome Venustiano Carranza, in charge of the executive power in his triumphal entry into the country's capital on August 20, 1914. The intelligence and eloquence of the oratory of the young woman impressed Carranza, who invited her to collaborate with him as his private secretary, later moving with Carranza to Veracruz, before the imminent arrival in the capital of the troops of Francisco Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

In Veracruz, Hermila Galindo began in journalism in the constitutionalist body El Pueblo. Her first article was entitled "Women as collaborators in public life." In her text, she stated that women should aspire to a better life by having the same qualities as men, "such as intelligence, will, reason, memory and feeling." She was a passionate defender of Constitutionalism, so Carranza sent her abroad to publicize the ideals of the Revolution. She gave six conferences in Havana, calling for strengthening cooperation among the peoples of Latin America.

Hermila Galindo founded and directed the weekly magazine Mujer Moderna, which began to be published on September 16, 1915, making it a publication with a gender focus ahead of its time that defended, among others, women's right to vote. In 1916 she sent her paper "La mujer en el porvenir", which was read at the opening of the First Feminist Congress held in Yucatan. In her speech, she asked to establish sexual education in educational plans, which caused her to be accused of immorality. At the Second Feminist Congress, also held in Mérida, she defended herself against criticism and was supported by highly prestigious women such as Eulalia Guzmán and Matilde Montoya, the first Mexican doctor. In neither of the two congresses was there a consensus on the request for the full exercise of women's suffrage. It was agreed to start with the right to vote in local elections. Her ideals in defense of women's rights led her to send an initiative to the Constituent Congress, in which she raised the need to grant women the right to vote as an important step to include them in political life. The initiative was read on December 12, 1916 and rejected by the Constituents. In 1917, defying the current electoral law, Hermila presented herself as a candidate for federal deputy for the 5th Electoral District of Mexico City and, although she did not win the election, she set an important precedent in the fight for the political rights of women. women. Thus, in addition to defending and disseminating the theses of Carrancismo, Hermila Galindo became the greatest exponent of feminism in Mexico between 1915 and 1919.

3. My thoughts

I think her pioneering work promotes the development of further feminist movements. She guaranteed women's right to vote, an aspiration that was finally achieved through her publishments. I respect her and I hope in some day I have a chance to have 1,000 peso money, I will definetly so glad to meet her.

-Politics structure

Mexico is a republican system based on two principles: the separation of powers and the federal system. The form of government is a strong presidential system, and the term of office is 6 years. There is no vice president or prime minister, and in the absence of the president, a provisional president is elected by the parliament. Parliament is a bicameral system, with 128 seats in the Senate for six-year terms and 500 seats in the House of Representatives for three-year terms. It is characterized by a ban on re-election of members of Parliament. The 96 seats of the senators are elected by straight line, three from each of the 32 states, and the remaining 32 seats are elected by proportional representation. The six-year term is non-renewable and is renewed by 1/2 every three years. The 300 seats of the House of Representatives are directly elected and 200 seats are elected by proportional representation. are mixing the compulsory system applies only to the army, and both the navy and air force are composed of volunteers, and women can volunteer (as of 2007). As of 2006, the army had 168,497 soldiers, the navy 53,729, and the air force 14,800, and the defense budget accounted for 0.5% of GDP as of 2006. In 1967, 14 Latin American countries gathered in the Federal District of Mexico and signed the Treaty on the Establishment of the Latin American Denuclearized Armed Forces (DMZ), thereby participating in disarmament.

At least, that's apparently what Germany thought. In 1917 at the height of the First World War, Mexico had declared itself neutral while its northern neighbour the United States had not yet entered the international bloodbath. But Germans feared the Americans would soon join the war (and in fact they did so later that year).
So the Germans sent Mexico a cordial invitation to change their minds about the whole neutrality thing, saying that if the US got in of the fight, it would be in Mexico's best interest to join forces with Germany. And upon their victory, Germany would hand Texas, New Mexico and Arizona back over to Mexico. This invitation, known as the Zimmermann Telegram, was intercepted by British intelligence. But Mexico ultimately declined.

(2) Germans love tequila – even if it's less than authentic
About seven percent of the German population drinks tequila at least one a month, which is a higher rate than gin (4.5 percent), according to the German Spirits Industry Association. Young Germans between the ages of 18 and 29 especially enjoy tequila with 13.4 percent of this age group admitting to downing at least one shot every month – a higher rate than for traditional herbal liqueurs like Jägermeister.

Germany even has its own tequila brand: the sombrero-capped Sierra Tequila by Hamburg-based Borco, which is exported to more than 90 different countries, according to the German Spirits Industry Association.

(3) German companies are huge employers in Mexico
Germany and Mexico are actually quite big economic partners, with some 1,700 German companies registered in the Latin American country, according to the German Foreign Office. Most of those are in the car industry, including heavyweights Volkswagen, BMW, Mercedes-Benz and Audi. Plus, is worth around $17 billion (€15 billion), making Germany Mexico's principal trading partner in the European Union.