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characteristics of living organisms :
definite:                       non definite:

-metabolism               -growth
-cellular                       -reproduction
organisation
-consciousness

basic process of taxonomy :
i   .characterization
ii.  identification
iii. classification
iv. nomenclature


DEFINATIONS

nomenclature:
the process of standardising the naming of living organism such that a particular organism is known by the same name all over the world.

binomial nomenclature:
the biological system of naming the organism in which the name composed of 2 terms , FIRST TERM      -GENUS
                                                                                                                                                              SECOND TERM-SECIES OF ORGANISM
taxonomy:
It is the process of identification, nomenclature and organisation of life forms considering the inner and outer cell structure, biological data and advancement process

taxa;
refers to any hierarchical level in the taxonomic category

taxonomic category:
classification involves hierarchy  of steps in which each step represents a TC rank

taxonomic hierarchy:
all categories together constitute a TH.


 Other universal rules of nomenclature are :
1. Biological names are generally in Latin and written in italics. They are Latinised or derived from Latin irrespective of their origin.
2. The first word in a biological name represents the genus while the second component denotes the specific epithet.
 3. Both the words in a biological name, when handwritten, are separately underlined, or printed in italics to indicate their Latin origin.
4. The first word denoting the genus starts with a capital letter while the specific epithet starts with a small letter. It can be illustrated with the example of Mangifera indica.

Name of the author :Title of the book
                    Linnaeus: Systema Naturae
                                      Philosophia Botanica

TAXONOMY HIERARCHY

species:
a group of individual organisms with fundamental similarities is known as a species.

genus:
Genus comprises a group of related species
which has more characters in common in comparison to species of other genera.

family:
group of relates genera
Family, has a group of related genera with still less number of similarities as compared to genus and species.

order:
group of related families

class:
group of related families

phylum:
group of related classes

kingdom:
group of related phyla

TAXONOMIAL AIDS

Herbarium:
- Herbarium Herbarium is a store house of collected plant specimens that are dried, pressed and preserved on sheets and are arranged  according to a universally accepted system of classification
-the herbarium sheets  also carry a label providing information about date and place of collection, English, local and botanical names, family, collector’s name, etc.
-Herbaria also serve as quick referral systems in taxonomical studies.

 Botanical Gardens:
 -These specialised gardens have collections of living plants for reference and identification.
 -each plant is labelled indicating its botanical/scientific name and its family.
 The famous botanical gardens are at :Kew (England),
                                                                     Indian Botanical Garden, Howrah (India)
                                                                     National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (India)

 Museum Biological:
- museums are generally set up in educational institutes such as schools and colleges.
 -Museums have collections of preserved plant and animal specimens for study and reference.
 
A museum contains:-
 -Specimens are preserved in the containers or jars in preservative solutions.
 -Plant and animal specimens may also be preserved as dry specimens.
 -Insects are preserved in insect boxes after collecting, killing and pinning.
 -Larger animals like birds and mammals are usually stuffed and preserved.
 -Museums often have collections of skeletons of animals too.

 Zoological Parks:
-These are the places where wild animals are kept in protected environments under human care.
-All animals in a zoo are provided, as far as possible, the conditions similar to their natural habitats.
-it helps to learn about their food habits and behaviour
 
Key:
 - Key is another taxonomical aid used for identification of plants and animals based on the similarities and dissimilarities.
-Keys are generally analytical in nature.
- Separate taxonomic keys are required for each taxonomic category such as family, genus and species for identification purposes

 
A.COUPLET:
The keys are based on the contrasting characters generally in a pair called couplet.
 It represents the choice made between two opposite options.
This results in acceptance of only one and rejection of the other.

B.LEAD:
 Each statement in the key is called a lead.

DIFFERENCE IN 2 TYPES OF KEYS:

INDENTED(YOLKED KEYS)                          BRACKETED KEYS
has sequence of choices between             pair of contrasting characters are given
two or more statements                               
eg: cat,bat , fish,frog,bird and                      eg:leaf colour - green(0) , yellow(1)
       snake
       ear (present):cat,bat
      wing:bat
       ear(absent):fish,frog
                            bird,snake
       limb(present):frog


BOOKS:

FLORA:
 Flora contains the actual account of habitat and distribution of plants of a given area.
 These provide the index to the plant species found in a particular area.

MANUALS:
 Manuals are useful in providing information for identification of names of species found in an area.

MONOGRAPHS:
Monographs contain information on any one taxon.

CATALOGUE:
It is an alphabetical list of species.













  

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