Supported labor contracts and civil rights

Operated from 1865 to 1872

Led the nation through the civil war

He believed the nation couldn't survive half-free and half enslaved

Brief description: Opposed slavery's expansion, issued the Emancipation Proclamation (1863), and pushed for the 13th Amendment to end slavery.

He took office after Lincoln's assassination

He clashed with Congress over civil rights and the Freedmen's Bureau

Brief description: Favored lenient Reconstruction, offering amnesty to the South, and opposed harsh penalties for former Confederates.

Aimed to control labor and limit rights (ex. voting & property ownership)

This led to increased tension and Congress being forced to pass civil rights legislation

This freed all enslaved people, except for those convicted of a crime

This was a major step towards civil rights but left loopholes for forced labor

The reason for creation was to intimidate and oppress African Americans, especially during reconstruction

The creation of this group sparked widespread racial violence and terror in the south

This granted all people born in the U.S. citizenship and equal protection under the law

This also paved the way for the 14th amendment, but faced resistance in the south

This attack was triggered by racial tensions and resentment toward Black civil rights

Over 4o African Americans were killed, and multiple homes, churches, and schools were destroyed

Southern states created new constitutions with Black suffrage

Congress to control of reconstruction

President Grant was in support, seeking expansion and economic gain

The treaty failed in the Senate, largely due to opposing Republicans

It ensures equal protection under the law for all citizens

It caused Bars against former confederates holding public office without congressional approval

He was elected as the 18th president

He faced challenges with political corruption

Brief description: Supported strong enforcement of Reconstruction laws and civil rights for freedmen, but struggled to unite the nation post-war.

Freedmen gain the right to participate in voting and holding office

New state constitutions included civil rights protection and suffrage for black men

It aimed to protect black suffrage, especially in the south

It strengthened reconstruction by promoting racial equality in elections

Over 100 black citizens were killed in the violence

This event highlighted the growing resistance to Reconstruction and black political power in the South

White supremacist groups used intimidation, violence, and fraud to influence elections

This resulted in the Democratic party regaining control of the state by 1875

In exchange, republicans agreed to withdraw troops from the south

This led to the end of Reconstruction and the return of Democratic control in southern states