Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder by Amanda Wheeler https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd Amanda Wheeler, ED 130 en-us 2020-09-24 02:41:37 UTC 2024-05-31 23:15:21 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/729805261/a7f1d1b952fa30f1e53bdd55bfc50617/images.jpg General Information awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/801968917
  • In 2015 about 9.1% of students 6 to 21 received special education services under the category of autism, up from only 5% in 2008. (U.S. Department of Education, 2018)
  • About 2.47% or 1 in every 45 children aged 3 to 17 have autism spectrum disorder. (Xu, Strathearn, Liu, & Bao, 2018)
  • Males are much more often diagnoses with autism than females, with 3 or 4 males to every 1 female. (Loomes, Hull, & Mandy, 2017)
  • There is an issue of gender bias in the area of autism. Because most beginning studies were on males, the criteria for diagnosis is male-oriented, leading less females to be diagnosed and provided with needed supports.
  • There is also an issue of racial bias in this area. White children are much more often diagnosed and provided with needed supports than Black and Brown children. (Christensen et al., 2016)
    • ]]>     2020-10-05 05:42:00 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/801968917     Definition awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/801969353 Autism is defined as a developmental disability that significantly affects verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, is generally evident before the age of 3, and adversely affects a student’s educational performance. (Turnbull 307)
    The definition of autism has especially evolved in recent years and went through a big change in the DSM-5. Instead of defining autism as a part of a broader group of disorders including autistic disorder, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, Asperger syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified; but now this wider group has been renamed autism spectrum disorder (ASD). ASD refers to a developmental disability (meaning it emerges from birth to 18 years) resulting in and characterized by persistent impairments in social interactions and communications, and stereotyped or repetitive movements, including inflexibility in routines or patterns. Some people may choose to refer to themselves as having autism, while others like to say they are on the spectrum—always remember to ask people how they prefer to be referred to and respect them by following their wishes.]]>     2020-10-05 05:42:15 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/801969353     awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/809370326 Students with autism are typically identified by a physician, psychologist, psychiatrist, and/or interdisciplinary evaluation team during early childhood years instead of by school programs.
    For a child to be diagnosed two domains must occur during early childhood years and create challenges in everyday functioning: social-communication impairments and restrictive, repetitive behaviors and interests.
    One standard diagnostic test is the Autism Diagnostic Interview, it consists of three domains: Language/Communication; Reciprocal Social Interactions; and Restricted, Repetitive, and Stereotypical Behaviors and Interests. This interview must be administered by a trained professional and it consists of 93 questions and takes about 1.5 to 2.5 hours to complete.]]>     2020-10-07 06:38:26 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/809370326     Social-Communication Impairments awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/809577885 Impairments occur in the following areas:
    • Social-emotional reciprocity: taking turns in communication and activities, interacting with others around shared interests, taking initiative in social situations, and sharing of affect with others
    • Nonverbal communication: body language, facial expression, gestures, eye contact, and the alignment of language and nonverbal behaviors
    • Maintaining relationships: adapting behavior to different contexts, making friends, and lacking interest and initiative in approaching peers

    • Adolescents with autism often struggle to make friends. One study found only 4% of adolescents with autism have a mutual friend. (DeWalt, Usher, Greenberg, & Mailick, 2017)
    • Young people with autism are at a high risk for social isolation.
    ]]>     2020-10-07 08:26:45 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/809577885     Repetitive, Restricted Behaviors and Interests awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/809601607 Impairments occur in the following areas:
    • Repetitive speech (echolalia, repeating of other people's words or phrases), motor movements (finger flicking, hand flapping), and/or interaction with objects (lining objects up)
    • Excessive reliance on routines, use of verbal and non-verbal rituals, or insistence on sameness
    • Highly circumscribed and fixated interests that are atypical in terms of intensity or focus (preoccupation with objects such as door locks, lights, bus schedules, or particular movies)
    • Unusually excessive or limited reaction to sensory input, excessive touching or smelling of objects, fascination with spinning objects or lights, aversive response to environmental sounds

    The reasons for and causes of these behaviors are varied and often complex. So although these behaviors are identified under an overall heading, they are diverse behaviors that occur for and are caused by many reasons.
    ]]>     2020-10-07 08:39:46 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/809601607     Atypical Language Development awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/810779677 Impairments in social-communication behaviors often involve these communication patterns or irregularities:
    • Interrupting when others are communicating and experiencing difficulty in knowing when it is appropriate to speak
    • Focusing attention on one topic only
    • Limiting a communication topic to fewer than a couple of interactions
    • Reversing pronouns ("you" when they mean "I")
    • Repeating or echoing other people's language (echolalia)

    It is important to note that students with autism display a broad range of language abilities from no verbal communication to quite sophisticated communication abilities.
    Students who do not speak or speak minimally could benefit from alternative and augmentative communication (AAC) to facilitate their communication opportunities.
    ]]>     2020-10-07 15:47:55 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/810779677     Problem Behavior awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811476413 Students with autism may exhibit any of four categories of problem behavior: self-injurious behavior, aggression, tantrums, and property destruction.]]> 2020-10-07 18:37:31 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811476413 Sensory and Movement Disorders awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811497880
  • Environmental stimuli trigger alternative sensory and movement responses due to differences in how individuals with autism experience intensity, rhythm, frequency, duration, and timing of movement.
  • Students with autism have significant difficulty in using visual information to guide the nature and timing of their movements
  • Nonverbal communication involves motor movements such as gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact.Children with autism tend to experience delays in motor development from the earliest years of their lives that contribute to social-communication challenges.
    • ]]>     2020-10-07 18:43:32 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811497880     Characteristics of Students with Autism (Turnbull 310-315) awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811527068
  • Social-Communication Impairments
  • Repetitive, Restricted Behaviors and Interests
  • Atypical Language Development
  • Problem Behavior
  • Sensory and Movement Disorders
  • Differences in Intellectual Functioning
    • ]]>     2020-10-07 18:52:02 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811527068     Differences in Intellectual Functioning awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811558226 Autism occurs in children with all levels of intelligence, ranging from students who are gifted to students with an intellectual disability. About 2/3 of students with autism will have some cognitive challenges that may affect their learning. One of the strongest predictors of autism symptoms is IQ, they tend to be more severe when students have lower IQs.
    Some people with autism display the unusual savant syndrome and they have extraordinary talents, typically in music, art, calendar calculating, mathematics, and mechanical/visual-spatial skills.]]>     2020-10-07 19:01:55 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811558226     Biomedical Causes awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811605821
  • Autism is causes by brain or biochemical dysfunction that occurs before, during, or after birth. 
  • Autism is primarily biological in origin and multiple biological factors are implicated, including: genes, brain structure, and neural pathways.
  • Some believe there is a genetic explanation for autism.
  • The brains of children with autism grow at an accelerated rate during the first few years of life. There have also been differences in the connectivity between different parts of the brain in people with autism.
    • ]]>     2020-10-07 19:17:43 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811605821     Environmental Causes awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811606117
  • Some possible environmental contributors to autism are toxic exposure to chemicals and radiation, exposure in early pregnancy to maternal medications (thalidomide, valproic acid), and maternal infection (rubella).
  • There is NO credible evidence supporting the alleged link between childhood immunization and autism.
    • ]]>     2020-10-07 19:17:49 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811606117     awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811663795 2020-10-07 19:37:07 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811663795 Nondiscriminatory Evaluation Process (Turnbull 316) awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811680241 2020-10-07 19:42:36 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811680241 Why everything you know about autism is wrong | Jac den Houting | Tedx Talks awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811757597 2020-10-07 20:06:10 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811757597 awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811762140 2020-10-07 20:07:45 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811762140 awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811763500 2020-10-07 20:08:15 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811763500 awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811880132 2020-10-07 21:01:38 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811880132 Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Inclusive Classroom by Barbara Boroson awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811883306 2020-10-07 21:03:29 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811883306 awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811884593 2020-10-07 21:04:05 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811884593 awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811888432 2020-10-07 21:06:08 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811888432 awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811901145 2020-10-07 21:12:53 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811901145 Amina Mucciolo is one of my favorite people to follow on Instagram. She shares openly about her autism and journey being diagnosed at 35. awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811908369 2020-10-07 21:17:05 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811908369 Determining the Nature of Specially Designed Instruction and Services awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811960776 Someone must conduct a functional behavioral assessment (FBA) to determine what supports a student needs. An FBA identifies specific relationships between a student's behaviors and the circumstances that trigger those behaviors, especially those that impede the student's or others' ability to learn. (Example of an FBA on Turnbull pages 317-318)]]> 2020-10-07 21:49:45 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811960776 awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811981381 2020-10-07 22:03:25 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811981381 Including Students with Autism awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811999137
  • Students with autism can be effectively included in general education classrooms, yet they have low rates of inclusion. (see Figure 12.1 below)
  • Also see inclusion tips for students with autism below.
    • ]]>     2020-10-07 22:15:43 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/811999137     (Turnbull 319) awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/812003041 2020-10-07 22:18:23 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/812003041 Inclusion Tips for Students with Autism (Turnbull 320) awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/812009660 2020-10-07 22:22:46 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/812009660 Educating Students with Autism awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/812015754
  • Positive Behavior Supports in Early Childhood and Preschool Programs
  • Social Stories
  • Student-directed Learning Strategies
    • ]]>     2020-10-07 22:27:07 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/812015754     Positive Behavior Supports in Early Childhood and Preschool Programs awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/812034283
  • The Pyramid Model is a great option to look into (linked below).
    • ]]>     2020-10-07 22:39:20 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/812034283     Social Stories awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/812064322
  • Social Stories are written by educators, parents, or students and describe social situations, social cues, and appropriate responses to those cues.
    • ]]>     2020-10-07 23:01:13 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/812064322     Student-directed Learning Strategies awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/812077058 These strategies teach students with and without disabilities to modify and regulate their own learning.

    Strategies:
    • Self-Instruction
      • These involve teaching students to use their verbal or other communication skills to direct their learning.
    • Self-Scheduling
      • This involves the self-regulation of one's schedule, rather than relying on someone else to regulate the activities of the day.
      • As a teacher, you can provide a visual daily schedule to a student with autism so they are aware of what will happen throughout the day.
    • Self-Modeling
      • It is observing pictures or videos of oneself doing an activity that is targeted for improvement or that the person is trying to learn.
      • The most popular form is video self-modeling (VSM).
    • Self-Monitoring
      • Students learn to collect data on their progress toward educational goals.
    ]]>     2020-10-07 23:10:41 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/812077058     awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/812129399 2020-10-07 23:47:36 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/812129399 awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/812130235 2020-10-07 23:48:11 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/812130235 awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/812131725 2020-10-07 23:49:06 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/812131725 awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/812132727 2020-10-07 23:49:49 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/812132727 awheeler98 https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/812186332 2020-10-08 00:20:43 UTC https://padlet.com/awheeler98/asd/wish/812186332